Bio Test CH 8-9

8. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction is when a single parent creates offspring without sperm or an egg and Sexual reproduction requires both sperm and egg from 2 parents.

8. What are Chromosomes made out of? What shape ae they in?

Chromosomes are made out of 2 chromatin that are made of DNA wrapped around protein molecules in beads called Nucleosomes.

8. What are the proteins within chromatids? What do they do?

The proteins inside chromatids are called Histones and they are responsible for compacting the DNA.

8. What are Sister Chromatin held together by?

Sister Chromatin are held together by the Centromere

8. A majority of a cell’s life takes place in what phase? What major function of Mitosis happens in this phase?

a majority of a cell’s life takes place in Interphase and, outside of the cell’s normal functions, a chromosome is duplicated in Interphase.

8. How many Chromosomes do humans have?

Humans have 46 chromosomes

8. What is a Somatic Cell?

A Somatic Cell refers to the typical human body cell.

8. What part of Interphase do the Chromosomes duplicate?

The Chromosomes specifically duplicate in S Phase also called DNA Synthesis.

8. What is Chromosome Duplication?

Chromosome Duplication is the most important event in Interphase where the DNA within the nucleus is duplicated.

8. Cell division happens in 2 main parts, what are they?

The 2 parts of cell division are Mitosis, where the nucleus and chromosomes are split, and Cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm and organelles are split.

8. What are the steps of Mitosis? THE HANDS!!!

The steps of Mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and finally Telophase

8. Where does Mitosis happen in animals and plants?

In animals, Mitosis happens in all cells. In plants, Mitosis only happens in the tips and roots called Meristems.

8. What is a Mitotic Spindle and what does it do?

A Mitotic Spindle is a structure of Microtubules that guide the separation of chromosomes

8. In Mitosis, what happens in Prophase?

Prophase is when the DNA starts to condense and the chromosomes become visible

8. In Mitosis, what happens during Metaphase?

In metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equator of a cell.

8. In Mitososis, what happens during Anaphase?

In Anaphase, The sister chromatids are seperated by the Mitotic spindle

8. In Mitosis, what happens during Telophase?

In telopahse, the Chromatids arrive at the poles, becoming full chromosomes, and the new cells begin to form the nucleus

8. in what stage of Mitosis does Cytokinesis begin?

Cytokinesis begins during Telophase

8. In animal Cells, during ctyokinesis, what is the cleavage?

The cleavage is the visible pinch before the cells splits into two during Cytokinesis.

8. How does Cytokinesis happen in a plant cell?

Plant cell Cytokinesis starts with vesicles containing cell wall material lining up along the center of the cell. Then, these vesicles combine to form the Cell Plate. Finally, this Cell Plate extends to each edge of the cell wall, creating two separate cells that are split down the middle.

8. How do special proteins direct the Cell Cycle Control System>?

These proteins use information from the cell’s environment to send stop and go signals during the cell cycle.

8. What is Cancer?

Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle

8. What is it called when Cancer spreads to other organs?

When Cancer is spread to other organs it is called Metastasis

8. What is the difference between Benign and Malignant Tumors?

A Benign Tumor is one that is dormant and currently harmless. As Malignant Tumor is one actively spreading through Metastasis

8. What is Meiosis?

Meiosis is the basis of sexual reproduction

8. What are a pair of Homologous Chromosomes?

Homologous Chromosomes are a pair where one if from the father and one is from the mother.

8. Most human cells are diploid but sex cells are Haploids. What is the difference?

A diploid cell is one with pairs of chromosomes. A Haploid cell is one with no pairs of Chromosome

8. What is the first Diploid Cell?

The first diploid cell is a Zygote which is a fertalized egg.

8. How many cell divisions does Miosis go through?

Miosis goes through cell division twice, first separating Homologous Chromosomes and then separating the sister chromatids.

8. Which half of Miosis is most similar to Mitosis?

Miosis 2 is very similar to Mitosis because it involves sister chromatid separating.

8. What is Nondisjunction?

nondisjunction i when Chromosomes do not properly separate in Miosis

8. What is the difference between Monosomy and Trisomy?

Monosomy is Nondisjunction when a cell is missing a chromosome, Trisomy is nondisjunction when a cell has an extra chromosome.

8. What are the three main goals of Cell Reproduction?

The three main goals of cell reoproduction is to heal damaged cells,. permit organism growth, and meiosis

8. What type of cells and how many of each do Mitosis and Meiosis create?

Mitosis creates 2 diploid cells while Meiosis creates 4 haploid cells.

8. In what part of Meiosis are genetic differences Created?

Genetic Differences are created during Metaphase 1 of Meiosis beacuse the alignment of the chromosomes is random.

8. What is Crossing Over?

Crossing Over is when a chromosome is part mother and part father instead of just being all of one. Happens when the homologous pairs are pulled apart.

8. What are the advantages of Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction?

The main advantage of Asexual reproduction is that it takes less energy. The main advantage of sexual reproduction is that it causes genetic differences.

8. What is Parthenogenesis?

parthenogenesis is when a sexual organism somehow produces offspring without a mate.

9. What is Heredity? What is the study of Heredity?

Heredity is the the passing down of genes from one generation to the next. The study of Heredity is genetics.

9. Who was Gregor Mendel?

Gregor Mendel is known as the “Father of modern genetics” for his research of inheritable traits using garden peas.

9. What is the difference between a Character and a trait?

A character is an inheritable feature and the traits or the different versions of the character.

9. What is a the offspring between two pure breed parents called and what is this cross-fertilization called?

The offspring of two pure breed parents is a hybrid and this breeding is called a Genetic Cross.

9. What are the first three generations of an organism called?

The parent generation is the P Generation, the first offsprings are the F1 Generation and the offspring of the offspring is the F2 generation.

9. What is an Allele?

Alleles are the different versions of a gene?

9. What makes an organism Homozygous and Heterozygous?

A Homozygous has matching Alleles and a Heterozygous has nonmatching alleles.

9. What are Gregor Mendel’s laws of Heredity?

Gregor Mendel’s two laws of Heredity are the Law of Segregation, each Gamite carries one allele that joins with the Allele of the other gamite. The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes located on different parts of the chromosome do not effect each other.

9. What i the difference between a Genotype and a Phenotype?

A Genotype is the genetic mockup of a trait and the Phenotype is how the trait is expressed.

9. What is the Locus?

The Locus is where a gene is Located on a Chromosome

9. In what situation are Recessive Traits expressed?

Recessive Traits are only expressed when the pair of alleles are Homozygous recessive.

9. What is The Law of Segregation?

The Law of Segregation states that an Allele pair will have one Allele from the father Gamite and one from the Mother Gamite.

9. What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

The Law of Independent Assortment states that a gene located on one chromosome will not effect a gene/trait on a different chromosome.

9. What is a Test Cross?

A Test Cross is a test mating between a Homozygous Recessive organism and an unknown Dominant organism to figure out the second organism’s genotype.

9. What is a Wild-Type trait?

A Wild-Type trait is the most common version of a trait in nature and it is not always dominant.

9. What is a family Pedigree?

A family pedigree is the assembly of a family’s genetic information into a family tree.

9. What are Autosomes?

Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes

9. Who are Carriers?

Carriers are those who have the recessive allele of a disease but do not express it themselves.

9. What is Incomplete Dominance?

Incomplete Dominance is when a phenotype is a mixture of both the dominant and recessive alleles instead of just expressing the dominant.

9. What is Codominance?

Codominance is when multiple Alleles both have dominance and are expressed.

What is the difference between Pleiotropy and Polygenetic Inheritance?

Pleiotropy is when one gene effects more than one characters while Polygenetic Inheritance is when multiple genes effect one character.

9. What are the environmental factors in genetics called?

The environmental factors that effect genetics are the Epigenetics.

9. What is Cystic Fibrosis?

Cystic Fibrosis is the most common, lethal genetic disease. It is a recessive disorder, needing to be Homozygous Recessive to effect a person.

9. What is Hypercholestrolemia?

Hypercholesterolemia is an Incomplete Dominance disorder. Those that are Heterozygous have the disease but in lesser quantities compared to Homozygous recessive.

Hypercholesterolemia is the disease of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

9. What is Sickle-cell Disease?

Sickle-cell Disease is a Pleiotropy disease where blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin’s that caue a sickle shape.

8. What type of nondisjunction are Down Syndrome, Edward Syndrome, Patau Syndrome?

These three nondisjunction disorders are Trisomy disorders, meaning they have an extra chromosome.