Exam 2 Study Guide Tables

What is the major function of vitamin B1 (thiamin)?

Energy production

What food source is listed for vitamin B1?

Pork chops

What is the deficiency of vitamin B1?

Beriberi

What is the major function of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

Energy production and antioxidant activity

What food sources are listed for vitamin B2?

Beef and shiitake mushrooms

What are the deficiency concerns for vitamin B2?

Dry, scaly skin and light sensitivity

What is the major function of vitamin B3 (niacin)?

Energy metabolism

What food source is listed for vitamin B3?

Tuna

What is the deficiency of vitamin B3?

Pellagra, the 3 Ds

What is the major function of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)?

Makes energy and breaks down fats

What food source is listed for vitamin B5?

Shiitake mushrooms

What are the deficiency concerns for vitamin B5?

Muscle numbness and pain, stomach problems, fatigue, and irritability

What is the major function of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

Amino acid synthesis, neurotransmitter production, and hemoglobin synthesis

What food source is listed for vitamin B6?

Salmon

What are the deficiency concerns for vitamin B6?

Anemia and confusion

What is the major function of vitamin B7 (biotin)?

Converts nutrients into energy and makes fatty acids

What food source is listed for vitamin B7?

Liver

What are the deficiency concerns for vitamin B7?

Hair loss and dermatitis

What is the major function of vitamin B9 (folate)?

DNA production and cell growth

What food source is listed for vitamin B9?

Greens, like asparagus

What are the deficiency concerns for vitamin B9?

Spina bifida and mouth sores

What is the major function of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)?

Red blood cells and nerves

What food source is listed for vitamin B12?

Clams

What are the deficiency concerns for vitamin B12?

Anemia and nerve damage

What is the major function of vitamin C?

Immunity, collagen, and antioxidants

What food source is listed for vitamin C?

Citrus fruits

What is the deficiency of vitamin C?

Scurvy

What is the key function of sodium (Na+)?

Fluid balance

What food source is listed for sodium?

Salt

What are possible effects of low sodium?

Headache and confusion

What is the key function of potassium (K+)?

Muscle function

What food source is listed for potassium?

Potatoes

What are possible effects of low potassium?

Muscle weakness and cramps

What is the key function of chloride (Cl-)?

Fluid balance and stomach acid

What food source is listed for chloride?

Table salt

What are possible effects of low chloride?

Nausea and fatigue

What is the key function of calcium (Ca2+)?

Bone building and muscle function

What food source is listed for calcium?

Milk

What are possible effects of low calcium?

Muscle cramps and spasms

What is the key function of magnesium (Mg2+)?

Nerve and brain function and muscle relaxation

What food source is listed for magnesium?

Spinach

What are possible effects of low magnesium?

Tremors and numbness

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

What is the main input and purpose of glycolysis?

Glucose; begins breaking it down

What are the products of glycolysis per glucose?

2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

What is the main input and purpose of pyruvate oxidation?

Pyruvate; converts it into acetyl-CoA

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation per glucose?

2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

What is the main input and purpose of the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA; extracts energy

What are the products of the Krebs cycle (2 turns) per glucose?

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

Where does the electron transport chain and ATP synthase occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What are the main inputs of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase?

NADH, FADH2, and oxygen

What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase?

Produces most ATP

How much ATP does the electron transport chain produce per glucose according to the table?

30–34 ATP

How much ATP from fat is listed in the table?

400+ ATP

How many water molecules are listed as a product in the table?

4 H2O

What is the lecture's net ATP accounting for glycolysis?

2 ATP

What is the lecture's ATP accounting for the Krebs cycle?

2 ATP

What is the lecture's ATP accounting for the electron transport chain?

30–34 ATP

What total ATP yield per glucose is written below the table?

36–38 ATP