CH5 AND CH6

Environmental or Sanitary Engineering

The application of engineering principles under certain constraints, for the protection and enhancement of the quality of the environment and public health and welfare

Role of Environmental Engineer

To design structures, equipment, and systems

Structures, Equipment, and Systems Environmental Engineering Examples

Material Recovery Facility
Waste to energy facilities
Waste disposal facility
Water supply/distribution systems
Wastewater treatment facilities

DENR-EMB ACRONYM

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)

DENR-EMB

formulates plans, programs, and appropriate environmental quality standards for the prevention and control of pollution and the protection of the environment, and ensures their implementation

DENR-EMB Areas of Responsibility

Air
Water
Solid Waste
Hazardous Waste
Chemicals
EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment)

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA ?)

RA 9003

Toxic Substances & Hazardous Waste Management Act (RA ?)

RA 6969

Clean Air Act of 1999

RA 8749

Clean Water Act of 2004

RA 9275

Water Quality Guidelines & General Effluent Standards

DAO 2016-08

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 4 Rs

Reduction
Reuse
Recycling
Recovery

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 6 Initiatives

Ban open burning of solid waste
Phase out open dumping; promote sanitary landfill
Non-segregation of waste is illegal
Phase out non-recyclable packaging materials
Establish recycling centers
Prepare 10-year SWM programs (LGUs)

Toxic Substances & Hazardous Waste Management Act

REGULATE, RESTRICT or PROHIBIT the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use & disposal of all unregulated chemical substances & mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health or the Philippine environment.

PROHIBITION of entry, transit, as well as storage & disposal of hazardous & nuclear wastes into the country

Promotes advancement in research studies regarding toxic chemicals.

Clean Air Act of 1999

Bans incineration or burning of wastes which emits poisonous & toxic fumes

Promotes non-burn technologies for handling, treatment, thermal destruction, utilization, and disposal of sorted, un-recycled, un-composted biomedical and hazardous waste

Clean Water Act of 2004

AIM: to protect water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries, commercial establishments, agriculture & household)

provides for a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders

Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards (6)

Water body classification
Determination of time trends
Evaluation of stages of water quality enhancement/deterioration
Basis for taking positive actions for prevention, control, or abatement of water pollution
Designation of water quality management areas
Set the GES

DAO 2021-19

UPDATE to DAO 2016-08

Environmental Issues

Loss of biodiversity
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil and Land Pollution
Climate Change
Public Health Concerns

Duties of Environmental Engineers

• Prepare, review, and update environmental investigation reports

• Design projects that lead to environmental protection, such as water reclamation facilities or air pollution control systems

• Obtain, update, and maintain plans, permits, and standard operating procedures

• Provide technical support for environmental remediation projects and for legal actions

• Analyze scientific data and do quality-control checks

• Monitor the progress of environmental improvement programs

• Inspect industrial and municipal facilities and programs in order to ensure compliance with

environmental regulations

• Advise corporations and government agencies about procedures for cleaning up contaminated sites

Environmental science

combines disciplines and methodologies from the biological, information, chemical and physical sciences to study the environment and the impact from external factors like urban development and population growth

Environmental engineering

focus on combining environmental science methods with engineering principles to develop and implement better infrastructure, technology and industrial operations that reduce the risk of environmental contamination and pollution.

SDGs and Environmental Engineering

SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation
SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructures
SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production
SDG 13 Climate Action

Soil

ASTM D653 defines soil as “(earth), sediments or other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks, and which may or may not contain organic matter.”

Soil is __________ and ___________

Heterogeneous and Anisotropic

Soil Profile

Decomposing Organic Material
Soil Solum, produced by pedogenic processes
Unconsolidated Parent Material
Consolidated Rock beneath the soil

Geo

earth

Technical

having special knowledge

Geotechnical Engineering

A sub-discipline within Civil Engineering that has direct application to the solution of problems involving soils and rock

Geotechnical Engineering Major Fields

Soil Mechanics
Rock Mechanics
Foundation Engineering
Engineering Geology

Soil Mechanics

Branch of Civil Engineering concerned with the study of soil and its behavior under different types of loads using the principles of engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics, mechanics of dynamics, and thermal dynamics

Rock Mechanics

Study of the mechanical behavior of rocks and rock masses to force fields of their physical environment

application of engineering mechanics principles to the design of rock structures

Rock Structures

tunnels

mining shafts

underground excavation

open pit mines

oil and gas wells

road cuts

waste repositories

Foundation Engineering

Art and science of using engineering judgment and the principles of soil mechanics to predict the response of earth masses to changed conditions of geometry and/or loads

Engineering Geology

Concerned with the application of geological knowledge to engineering problems

Geology

science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it

Superstructure

upper part

Foundation

lower part

interfacing element between the superstructure and the underlying soil or rock

function is to transfer the load of the structure to the soil

Types of Foundation

Shallow Foundation
Deep Foundation

Shallow foundation

transmit the load to near surface soil

Deep foundation

transmit some or all of the loads to deeper soils

constructed by driving and drilling into the ground

Spread footing

spread the load of the structure over a larger area of soil

Mat foundation

a reinforced concrete pad large enough to encompass the entire structure

Piles

relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil having high bearing capacity

Piers

foundation for heavy structural load constructed in-situ in a deep excavation

Pier Construction

1. Drilling
2. Placing of Rebar Cage
3. Pouring of concrete

Caisson

a watertight retaining structure used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, or for the repair of ships

Site investigation

includes methods of defining the soil profile and recovering soil samples

Soil Tests

Laboratory testing
In-situ testing

Laboratory testing

includes testing the soil samples to determine relevant engineering properties

In-situ testing

includes methods of testing the soils in-place, thus avoiding the difficulties associated with recovering samples

Geotechnical Engineering Concerns

Slope Stability
Geohazard Assessment
Ground Improvement

Slope Stability

condition of inclined soil or rock slopes to withstand or undergo movement

Driving force

Weight of slope

Resisting force

Strength of soil along slip surface, buttress at toe

Factor of Safety

Actual Strength / Required Strength

Landslide/Landslip

Movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope

Landslide Instrumentation Monitoring

Tilt Meter
Rain Gauge
Soil Moisture Sensors
Data Logger

How to prevent landslides

1. Proper Geohazard Assessment

2. Geotechnical Investigation

3. Slope Stability Analysis

4. Landslide Instrumentation Monitoring

How to stabilize vertical excavation?

1. Geotechnical investigation

2. Slope stability analysis

3. Soil nails and shotcrete

How to make a subway in a highly populated city?

Tunnel Boring Machine

How to reclaim land and build high rise buildings?

1. Geotechnical Investigation

2. Engineered Backfill

3. Piles

4. Ground Improvement