Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Flashcards
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61 Terms
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate.
Where is the energy stored in ATP?
In the bond between the second and third phosphate.
What is the cell’s main energy source?
ATP.
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate.
How does ATP turn into ADP?
By removing the third phosphate.
What are Autotrophs/Producers?
Organisms that make their own food using sunlight.
What are Heterotrophs/Consumers?
Organisms that eat other organisms and break down glucose and carbohydrates for energy.
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In the chloroplast.
What occurs in the chloroplast?
Photosynthesis.
What is the thylakoid?
A disc shaped structure that contains chlorophyll.
Where do the light dependent reactions occur?
In the thylakoid.
What is a granum?
A stack of thylakoids.
What is the stroma?
The fluid surrounding the thylakoids.
Where does the calvin cycle occur?
In the stroma.
What is chlorophyll?
A green pigment that absorbs red and violet light while reflecting green light.
What happens to the chlorophyll in the fall?
It breaks down, leaving other pigments to become visible.
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
The light dependent reactions (LDR) and the light independent reactions/calvin cycle (LIR).
Where do the light dependent reactions take place?
In the thylakoid membrane.
What are the inputs of LDR?
Sunlight, Water, ADP, and NADP+.
What are the outputs of LDR?
ATP, Oxygen, and NADPH.
Which photosystem begins the processes in LDR?
Photosystem 2.
Why is water split in LDR?
To replace lost electrons.
When water is split in LDR, what does it produce?
Electrons, H+ ions, and Oxygen.
What gas is released into the atmosphere during LDR?
Oxygen.
What do electrons pass through after photosystem 2?
The electron transport chain (ETC[Ps])
Where do electrons go after the pass through the ETC (Ps)?
Photosystem 1.
What is the purpose of photosystem 1?
To re-energize electrons.
What do H+ ions travel through during photosystem 1?
ATP synthase.
What is the purpose of ATP synthase?
To make ATP from ADP.
What is a photosystem?
A cluster of chlorophyll and protiens that absorb light and energizes electrons.
What is the calvin cycle also known as?
Light independent reaction (LIR)
Where does LIR take place?
In the stroma.
What are the inputs of LIR?
6 Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH.
What are the products of LIR?
High energy sugars (6-carbon sugar), NADP+, and ADP.
What are the 3 factors affecting photosynthesis?
Sunlight, Temperature, and Water.
How does sunlight affect photosynthesis?
Increases photosynthesis until the plant reaches its limit.
What are C4 plants adapted to?
Intense light and high temperatures.
What are some examples of C4 plants?
Corn, Sugar cane, and Sorghum.
What is a drawback of C4 plants?
They require extra ATP
What are CAM plants adapthed to?
Very dry climates.
How have CAM plants adapted?
They take in CO2 mainly at night, and this helps reduce water loss.
What are some examples of CAM plants?
Pineapple, Desert cactus, and Ice plants.
What are the 3 major stages of Cellular respiration in order?
Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the ETC (Cr).
Where does glycolysis take place?
The cytoplasm of the cell.
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No, it is anaerobic.
What is needed for glycolysis?
1 glucose (6C)
What is produced from glycolysis?
2 pyruvate (3C each) and 2 NADH.
How many ATP are used in glycolysis?
2 ATP.
How many ATP are produced during glycolysis?
4 ATP.
What is another name for the Krebs cycle?
The citric acid cycle.
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
The mitochondrial matrix.
What happens befor the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate loses carbon as CO2 and forms Acetyl CoA, then Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
CO2, ATP, and electron carriers.
Where do the electron carriers move to after the Krebs cycle?
The ETC (Cr).
Where does the ETC (Cr) take place?
The inner mitochondrial membrane.
What does the ETC (Cr) require?
Oxygen and high energy electrons from NADH/FADH2.
What are the 5 important events of the ETC (Cr) in order?
Electrons move through protiens, energy pumps H+ ions across the membrane, H+ ions flow through ATP synthase, ATP synthase produces ATP, and water is formed.
What is the one reactant that the ETC (Cr) absolutly needs?
Oxygen because it is aerobic.
How many ATP does the Krebs cycle produce?
2 ATP.
How many ATP does the ETC (Cr) produce?
32 ATP.
How many ATP are produced in total during cellular respiration?
36 ATP.