Anatomy Lecture Test #2 Pearson Questions

What layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

D

Layers B and C collectively form the what?

Dermis

Layer B is composed primarily of what?

Areolar connective tissue

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes

Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers?

D

Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in labeled layer D?

Melanocyte

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers?

Stratum basale

The glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum help reduce water loss across the epidermis. True or false?

True

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?

Stratum basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

What protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces

What is the function of the interlocking desmosomes in the stratum spinosum?

Preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

Which example illustrates homeostasis maintained by negative feedback?

Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes damaged by UV light that increase melanin production

Cells in the stratum corneum undergo mitosis to keep the layer thick and protective. True or false?

False

Which dermal layer is responsible for the skin properties that are evident as cleavage lines?

The reticular layer

Why is an appendectomy scar sometimes smaller and less noticeable than a vertical abdominal scar?

The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the lines of cleavage, causing less gaping and allowing easier healing. The vertical incision crossed the lines of cleavage.

A surgeon cuts the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). What will result?

Faster healing of the skin and less scarring

What is the role of the hair matrix?

The hair matrix produces hair.

Why do eyebrows NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?

Eyebrow hair follicles are active for only a few months before becoming inactive, while scalp hair follicles remain active for years.

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following EXCEPT what?

External root sheath

What is the predominant useful function of the arrector pili muscles in humans?

Assist in the release of sebum from nearby sebaceous glands.

New portions of a nail are produced at the cuticle. True or false?

False

Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair?

Sebaceous glands

Which glands produce earwax?

Ceruminous glands

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum?

Protection from UV radiation

What is one difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

Apocrine sweat gland secretions contain more fat and protein than eccrine sweat gland secretions.

Where are apocrine glands found in the human body?

In the axillary and anogenital areas.

Which example illustrates homeostasis maintained by negative feedback?

Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.

If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would they have difficulty completing?

Thermoregulation

Which is a metabolic function of the skin?

Synthesis of a vitamin D precursor.

What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?

Melanoma

Exposure to UV light from tanning beds is far less dangerous than exposure to sunlight. True or false?

False

What is the most correct statement concerning skin cancer?

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

What is the single most important risk factor for skin cancer?

Overexposure to UV radiation.

Which type of skin cancer is most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy?

Melanoma

Why is basal cell carcinoma generally less dangerous than other skin cancers?

It rarely spreads to other tissues. Removal of the lesion is curative in approximately 99% of cases.

Remodeling a kitchen to add additional cabinets to existing ones also means adding extra support. In a similar respect, bone remodeling alters bone structure without adversely affecting bone strength. What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support?

Calcium

Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength?

Gravity

Which description of skeletal cartilage is INCORRECT?

Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

Fibrocartilage

Bones do NOT have a role in?

Waste Removal

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

communication

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at C with its primary component?

Periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue

What material makes up most of the structure at A?

Hyaline Cartilage

Which of the labeled parts of the bone is composed primarily of compact bone

D

Which of the following is the major component of the part of the bone labeled E?

Adipose tissue

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located?

B

Which of the following is a characteristic of the bone material at D but NOT of the material of B

Osteons

The figure represents a wedge shaped section of which structural unit of bone?

An osteon

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the vessels and nerve?

Lamellae

The blood vessels and nerve in the figure are found within which type of space?

central (Haversian) canal

Which type of cell is shown at A?

Osteocyte

Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones?

Hydroxyapatite

A homeostatic imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density?

Osteoclasts

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

Osteon

The collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting forces.

True

Osteoblasts what?

Secrete osteoid

Which statement regarding osteons is FALSE?

Osteons are found in all bone tissues

Flat bones consist of a thin plate of spongy bone, called diploë, sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

True

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of what?

Fat

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of the bone is the?

Osteoblast

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the?

Diaphysis

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of?

Osteogenic cells

The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of?

Blood vessels and nerve fibers

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

Osteoclast

Spongy bone contains?

Trabeculae

Short, irregular, and flat bones have medullary cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light?

False

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk?

True

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones without mineralization?

True

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only?

True

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

True

Short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone.

True

What controls bone remodeling?

Mechanical Stress and Hormones

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling?

Glucagon

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

PTH

Wolff’s law is concerned with?

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

What is the first stage in healing of a bone fracture?

formation of a hematoma

Which of the following are correctly matched?

Compound fracture; the fractured bone end s penetrate the skin

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is?

hematoma, soft callus (fibrocartilaginous), bony callus, and bone remodeling

Your patient is returning for follow-up 6 weeks after sustaining a nondisplaced fracture of his radius. He tells you that his forearm is no longer painful, but he is concerned that he can palpate a "lump" in the bone at the site of the healing fracture. What is your response?

"That bump is a normal part of bone healing at this stage. As your body completes the process, the cells in your bone will gradually remodel it to its previous shape."

You are counseling a patient with osteoporosis about strategies for avoiding fractures. Which of the following comments would NOT be appropriate?

"You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones."

Hypercalcemia can be caused by?

Hypersecretion of PTH

Greenstick

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children.

Comminuted

Bone fragments into many pieces

Spiral

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal?

thigh bone of an elderly individual

Remember Liliana from the Clinical Case Study in Chapter 5? After we last heard about her she was admitted for further treatment. Relative to her skeletal system, the following notes have been added to her chart.

bullet	Fracture of superior right tibia (shinbone); 3.5-cm laceration where bone protrudes. Area cleaned and the bone subjected to internal (open) reduction. Cast applied.
bullet	Nutrient artery of tibia damaged.
bullet	Medial meniscus (fibrocartilage disc) of right knee joint crushed; knee joint inflamed, swollen, and painful.

When assessing Liliana's condition relative to her tibia fracture after the open reduction, the nurse will be especially alert for signs of which of these problems?

Infection

Remember Liliana from the Clinical Case Study in Chapter 5? After we last heard about her she was admitted for further treatment. Relative to her skeletal system, the following notes have been added to her chart.

bullet	Fracture of superior right tibia (shinbone); 3.5-cm laceration where bone protrudes. Area cleaned and the bone subjected to internal (open) reduction. Cast applied.
bullet	Nutrient artery of tibia damaged.
bullet	Medial meniscus (fibrocartilage disc) of right knee joint crushed; knee joint inflamed, swollen, and painful.

You're talking with Liliana before her release from the hospital. Which of her statements indicates the need for further patient education?

“The only supplement I should need would be calcium, so I will take a calcium supplement every morning."

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?

Osteoporosis

which of the following pairings is correct?

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Old Norse stories tell of a famous Viking named Egil, who lived around 900 AD. His skull was greatly enlarged and misshapen, and the cranial bones were thickened (6 cm, more than 2 inches, thick). He had headaches from the pressure exerted by enlarged vertebrae on his spinal cord. So much blood was diverted to his bones to support their extensive remodeling that his fingers and toes always felt cold and his heart was damaged through overexertion. What bone disorder did Egil probably have?

Paget’s disease

Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal?

Osteoporosis

Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing?

Osteomalacia

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

Paget’s disease

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?

Estrogen deficiency due to menopause

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of?

Calcium and vitamin D

What are the top pillars?

Osteons

The whole bottom section is?

Compact Bone

What is inside the circular section?

Spongy Bone

What is the section with the veins and blood vessels?

Central Canals