Readings in Philippine History - Comprehensive Reviewer

Vocabulary flashcards covering core concepts, historical thinkers, primary source analyses, key figures, and glossary terms from Units A1–A3 and Primary Sources 1–10.

Historia

The Greek root of 'history', meaning 'learning by inquiry'.

Historiography

The academic discipline, research technique, source evaluation, and synthesis of verified facts into a coherent narrative.

Aristotle's Definition of History

A record of the unchanging past, viewing the past as fixed, settled, and immutable.

John J. Anderson (1876)

Defined history as a connected narrative of events shaping the social and political conditions of mankind, emphasizing causal narrative over bare chronicles.

Frederick Jackson Turner's Definition of History

All surviving remains of the past critically analyzed through the interpretative insights of the present.

Oscar Handlin's Definition of History

The distillation of surviving evidence from antiquity; established that 'where there is no evidence, there is no history.'

Jacob Burckhardt's Definition of History

The record of what one age finds worthy of note in another, highlighting generational selectivity.

Teodoro A. Agoncillo's Definition of History

A re-creation of the past, not an exact science, whose chief utility is practical and civic—to avoid repeating historical errors.

Renato Constantino's Definition of History

The collective achievement and struggle of the masses, rejecting the premise that history belongs exclusively to colonizers or isolated elites.

Primary Sources

Firsthand eyewitness accounts or direct records produced by participants contemporaneous with the events.

Secondary Sources

Interpretations, analyses, or syntheses written after the fact by researchers who did not directly experience the events.

Tertiary Sources

Compilations, indexes, and reference bibliographies that digest and organize primary and secondary works.

External Criticism

The first stage of historical criticism that tests whether a source is genuine, original, and physically authentic.

Internal Criticism

The second stage of historical criticism that evaluates the credibility, truthfulness, consistency, and reliability of assertions within an authenticated source.

Visual/Audiovisual Protocol

A three-step analytical process operating via Observe (literal composition) → Infer (subtext/symbolism) → Contextualize (author, era, audience).

Antonio Pigafetta

An Italian chronicler who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan's 1519–1522 expedition and wrote the primary written account of the first voyage around the world.

Ambrosian Manuscript

The primary text preserved in Milan containing Antonio Pigafetta's detailed eyewitness account of Magellan's voyage.

Enrique de Malacca

Ferdinand Magellan's enslaved Malay interpreter whose linguistic skills facilitated early communication between Europeans and Visayans in 1521.

Fray Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F.

A Franciscan missionary who authored 'Customs of the Tagalogs' (c. 1589) and the 'Doctrina Christiana' (1593).

Datu

The barangay chieftain and arbiter in pre-colonial Tagalog social structure.

Maharlika

The class of freemen and warrior nobility in pre-colonial Tagalog society who were exempt from tribute.

Aliping Namamahay

Household dependents in Tagalog society who owned their own homes and property while rendering tribute and labor service.

Aliping Sagigilid

Domestic chattel dependents in Tagalog society who resided in the master's house and could be bought or sold.

Catalonan

A priestess who performed rituals and served as an intermediary to nature deities and ancestral spirits in pre-colonial Tagalog animism.

Emilio Jacinto

Known as the 'Utak ng Katipunan' and author of the 'Kartilya ng Katipunan'.

Kartilya ng Katipunan

An internal moral and civic primer for the Katipunan designed to instill discipline, integrity, equality, and patriotic devotion.

Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan

The primary memoir drafted by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo (1928–1946; published 1964) covering his early life up to the December 1897 Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

The author who drafted the Declaration of Philippine Independence proclaimed on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite.

Protection Clause

A provision in the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence placing the newly declared nation under the protection of the 'mighty and humane North American nation.'

Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era, 1900–1941

A 1985 compilation by Alfred W. McCoy and Alfredo Roces featuring 377 satirical press caricatures from the American colonial period.

Cabinet Crisis of 1923

The mass resignation of Filipino cabinet secretaries protesting Governor-General Leonard Wood's executive interference in the Ray Conley police corruption case.

Khaki Cabinet

The controversial placement of American military officers into civilian government positions under Governor-General Leonard Wood.

Executive Order No. 37

An order issued by Governor-General Leonard Wood that unilaterally dissolved the Board of Control overseeing state-owned corporations.

Corazon C. Aquino's Speech Before the U.S. Congress

A historic primary speech delivered on Sept. 18, 1986, in Washington, D.C., outlining the restoration of democracy in the Philippines following the EDSA People Power Revolution.

Raiders of the Sulu Sea

A 2007/2008 secondary documentary film directed by Idzwan Othman highlighting 18th–19th century maritime raiding, naval technology, and resistance in the Sulu Sea.

Iranun

The specialized naval shock-troops of Maguindanao involved in 18th- and 19th-century maritime raiding across the Sulu Sea.

Rajah Dalasi

The leader who commanded 3,000 raiders during the 1720 siege against the Spanish garrison at Fort Pilar in Zamboanga.

Spoliarium

An 1884 award-winning oil painting by Juan Luna depicting dead gladiators in the basement of the Roman Colosseum, interpreted allegorically as an indictment of Spanish colonial oppression.

The Parisian Life

An 1892 canvas by Juan Luna depicting a French café interior, representing his shift toward modern urban realism and psychological subtext.

Fernando Amorsolo

The first Philippine National Artist, renowned for impressionist-influenced rural landscapes with backlighting as well as World War II destruction canvases.

Acta de Tejeros

A document signed on March 23, 1897, by Andres Bonifacio and his supporters rejecting the Tejeros Convention election results due to procedural fraud.

Benevolent Assimilation

The colonial doctrine proclaimed by U.S. President William McKinley in 1898 framing American annexation as a mission of guidance and civil uplift.

Board of Control

A body created by the Philippine Legislature to govern public state-owned corporations, later unilaterally abolished by Governor-General Leonard Wood.

Jones Law of 1916

Also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act, it created an all-Filipino bicameral legislature and pledged U.S. recognition of independence upon establishing a stable government.

Sulu Zone

The maritime trading and raiding network centered on the Sulu Sultanate, driven by China trade demand and captive labor economies from the 18th to the 19th century.

Tejeros Convention

The revolutionary assembly held on March 22, 1897, in Cavite that replaced the Katipunan with an organized revolutionary government.