Flashcards PBSI 300 (Edens) Exam 1 Review

Who is credited with the quote "Well-behaved women seldom make history"?

Gloria Steinhem

Who founded Ms. Magazine?

Gloria Steinhem

Who is Shannon Faulkner?

The first woman admitted to the Citadel. She dropped out due to death threats, but now the Citadel is 10% women.

What countries have the greatest gender equality?

Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden

What countries have the least gender equality?

Muslim countries

What does the essentialist approach emphasize?

The differences between men and women thought to arise from essential qualities rooted in biology

What is cultural feminism?

A type of essentialist approach that emphasizes and celebrates positive qualities historically associated with women

What is another name for the essentialist approach?

The differences approach

What is the social constructionist approach?

The belief that men and women are alike in their intellectual and social behavior, and that differences between men and women are due to socialization, not biology

What is another name for the social constructionist approach?

The similarities approach

Is the essentialist approach related to nature or nurture?

Nature

Is the social constructionist approach related to nature or nurture?

Nurture

Men or women: Smile more

Women

Men or women: More likely to graduate in STEM majors.

Men

Men or women: Report less sexual desire and behavior

Women

Women make up ____% of middle managers and ____% of CEOs.

50, 3

Who earned the first PhD awarded to a woman in psychology?

Margaret Floy Washburn

Who was the first female APA president?

Mary Whiton Calkins

In the 1930s-1960s, women made up ____% of APA members.

33%

When was there a notable increase in the number of female psychologists?

In the 1970s

In the 1970s, what percentage of PhDs in psychology were awarded to women?

20%

As of 1998, ___% of new PhDs and PsyDs in psychology were women.

72%

Female psychologists earn ___% less than male psychologists.

9

How many of the APA's 115 presidents have been women?

11

Women represent ___% of the psychologists in the workforce today.

50

What are the two major themes of feminism?

1) Women are important and worthwhile human beings

2) There is a need for social change

What are the four types of feminism?

Liberal, radical, cultural, and women-of-color feminism

What does liberal feminism believe in?

The passing of laws to guarantee equal rights for women

What does radical feminism emphasize?

Male control and domination of women throughout history

What does cultural feminism believe?

There are essential differences between men and women

What does women-of-color feminism believe?

That women of different cultures and social classes cannot be presumed to be the same

What were the focuses of the three waves of feminism?

1) Centered around voting rights, ended after 1920

2) Influenced by the end of World War II and the book The Feminine Mystique

3) Arose from backlash to second wave, focus on individual issues like date rape and harrassment

What years mark the three waves of feminism?

1) early 1900s-1920

2) 1960s-1989

3) 1990s-modern day

Who wrote The Feminine Mystique, when, and what problem did she write about?

Betty Friedan, 1964, "the problem with no name"

Who was William James?

The father of American psychology and Mary Whiton Calkin's tutor

What are the two methods of drawing conclusions from multiple studies?

The narrative approach and meta-analysis

What does the narrative approach of studying psychology do?

Reviews and summarizes many studies to form an impression of general trends on a particular topic

What does a meta-analysis do?

Integrates results of many studies on the same topic using statistical methods

What are the three major themes in this course?

1) Diversity of women's experiences

2) Gender differences in power

3) Social construction of gender

What was the role of women in colonial times?

Cooking, cleaning, value as mother and wife

What was the role of women in the 1800s?

Invisible work like cleaning, marriage needed for financial reasons, no birth control

When were women granted the right to vote and which two feminists pioneered this right?

1920, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

When was birth control introduced and who introduced it?

1961, Margaret Higgins Sanger

What did women gain from the Civil Rights movement?

Added as a protected group in the 1964 Civil Rights Act

When was Roe v. Wade?

1973

What are the protected groups under the Civil Rights Act?

Gender, race, religion, national origin, color

What groups were not protected in the Civil Rights Act, but were protected later by federal laws?

Disability, age, veteran status, pregnancy, sexual orientation/gender identity

What three protections did the Civil Rights Act provide?

Protections in education, hiring, and housing

What is privilege?

Unearned benefits given to people who fit in a specific group

What is the patriarchy?

Male-dominated culture, power and decisions based on male needs

What is self-hatred?

Internalization of a dominant group's beliefs

What is passing?

Pressure to assimilate into dominant culture results in minorities trying to pass as majority

What are the two bases for gender stereotypes?

Social categorization and social role theory

What is social categorization?

A way to simplify our social perceptions based on easily identifiable characteristics

What is social role theory?

We learn our social roles by observing the behaviors associated with activities typically performed in their social roles

What did the baby gender socialization experiment prove?

That newborns dressed in pink are perceived and treated differently than newborns dressed in blue

How do boys' and girls' perceptions of their intelligence change over time?

At age 5, they have equal perceptions of their intelligence; by 6-7, girls don't think they are as smart as boys

What is intersectionality?

The recognition that when different identities intersect, they will result in different experiences

What is Ms. associated with and why?

Ms. is associated with feminism because it does not define a woman in terms of her relationship with a man

What are the two components of ambivalent sexism?

Hostile sexism and benevolent sexism

What is hostile sexism?

Negative stereotypes of women, especially nontraditional women

What is benevolent sexism?

Positive characterizations of women such as "women are pure/should be protected," often with affection

Do women or men score higher on hostile sexism? What about benevolent sexism?

Men, women

What countries have high gender equality and what types of ambivalent sexism do the men there display?

Sweden, Northern Europe, Australia: men lower in hostile and benevolent sexism

In countries with low gender equality, what types of ambivalent sexism do men display?

High hostile and benevolent sexism

What is prejudice?

A negative attitude or emotional reaction toward a particular group of people

What is gender bias?

An inclination to hold a particular perspective about women at the expense of a possibly equal alternative

What is discrimination?

Unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice

What is sexism?

Stereotypes and/or discriminatory behaviors that serve to restrict women's roles and maintain male domination

What is implicit bias?

Having attitudes or associating stereotypes with people without conscious knowledge

What is explicit bias?

Having biases or prejudices that one is aware of

What is the backlash effect?

Violating gender stereotypes can result in social and economic penalties

Who is an example of the backlash effect and what is her story?

Ann Hopkins; denied to become a partner because she was "too masculine." She sued, and the Supreme Court ruled in her favor and said she was discriminated against

What do the terms AMAB/DMAB and AFAB/DFAB mean?

Assigned/designated male at birth, assigned/designated female at birth

What did gender dysphoria used to be called?

Gender identity disorder

What are the six steps of prenatal development?

1) Chromosomes

2) Gonadal development at 6 weeks

3) Gonads produce sex hormones

4) Internal reproductive organs

5) External genitalia

6) Brain differentiation in hypothalamus

What is the prevalence rate of intersexuality?

0.5-1%

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

An intersex individual has XY chromosomes but no testosterone receptors, so they appear female externally but have male internal reproductive organs. They often don't know they are intersex until they try to have children, and they do not menstruate.

Who is Carter Semenya?

A 2016 Olympic medalist who has androgen insensitivity syndrome; her story resulted in testosterone limits for women in some sports

More evidence is suggesting a (social or biological?) basis for nonnormative gender and sexual identities.

Biological

What are examples of intersex conditions that call into question if nature vs. nurture influences gender expression?

1) Girls with CAH, who have XX chromosomes but are exposed to a lot of testosterone in the womb, are often tomboys

2) AIS women are not usually significantly different than their non-intersex female peers in gender expression

3) People with DHT (who are often raised as girls until puberty) often feel more masculine even before they hit puberty

Who is David Reimer?

One of two identical twin boys. His penis was accidentally severed, and he was raised as a girl at the advice of Dr. John Money. However, he retained the belief that he should have been a boy, and when his parents told him the truth about his infancy, he began living as one. He eventually committed suicide.

What was Dr. John Money's theory and how was it disproven?

That gender is entirely socially constructed; disproven by David Reimer

What did Reiner and Gearhart's 2000 study show?

In boys born without penises who had early gender reassignment surgery and were raised as girls, about half transitioned to men in adolescence

What is a phall-o-meter?

A tool once used to determine if a baby's external genitalia are male or female by measuring the length of the clitoris or penis

What is INSA?

An organization advocating for the delay of surgery in intersex people but the assignment of a sex at birth

Who is Cheryl Chase?

The most visible intersex advocate, who founded INSA after she discovered she was intersex

When was the last Olympic gender testing and what did it find?

1996, 7 female athletes had androgen insensitivity syndrome

What is gender typing?

The acquisition of the traits, behaviors, and roles that are generally associated with one's gender

What are the three theories of gender typing?

Psychoanalytical, social learning theory, and gender schema theory

What is social learning theory?

We learn through rewards and punishment, and through observational learning and modeling

What is the gender schema theory and who created it?

A cognitive theory that states we classify traits as "boy" or "girl" traits/behaviors in our minds; Sandra Bem

What has the US moved toward in recent decades with regard to gender equality?

Egalitarianism (equality)