hist 1600 midterm exam

what is latin america

21 countries throughout the americas that have been colonized by spain/portugal that share similar cultural ideas and practices

Aztecs

mesoamerican advanced empire taken over by spanish conquistadors

Maya

mesoamerican civilization known for sophisticated writing, math, astronomy, and arcitecture

Incas

south american empire centered in Andes

council of the indies

supreme governing body of spanish empire in the americas during the 16th century

viceroyalties

territories ruled by viceroy who acted as direct personal representative of spanish king

encomiendas

colonial labor system that granted conquistadors and settlers to extract tributes from native populations through forced labor

Baroque culture

a Western style of art, architecture, music, and culture that flourished from the early 1600s until the 1750s

SorJuana Ines de la Cruz

Mexican 17th century baroque poet that was named the first feminist of the new world

bourbon and pombaline reforms

programs of royal centralization, economic modernization, and administrative restructuring by Spain and Portugal to revitalize their economies and tighten control over their american colonies

st domingue

the french colony that became haiti once the slaves revolted and overthrew french colonial rule

napoleon

invaded spain (iberian peninsula) and forced king ferdinand from the throne in 1808

Simon Bolivar

major south american independence leader that wanted to unify the countries of latin america in order to make them effective in ruling

Jose Maria Morelos

mestizo who succeeded Hidalgo in independence movements

Miguel Hidalgo

creole who opposed spanish rule and led independence movements in spanish america, was captured and executed by spanish colonial firing squad

creoles

europeans born in the Americas

peninsualries

europeans born in spain/portugal

mestizos

mixed spanish and indigenous american ancestry

juntas

created by creoles - governing bodies that temporarily ruled during independence wars

nativism

americans wanting to express an identity separate from europeans

battle of ayacucho

effectively ended spanish military power in south america

Brazilian independence

declared independence from portugal in 1822

Jose de San martin

major leader of independence movements in southern south america

bernal diaz del castillo

spanish conquistador that participated in the conquest of the aztec empire

sentiments of a nation

presented by morelos in 1813 that outlined independence, sovereignty, separation of powers, and catholicism among Mexico’s nation

war of spanish succession

triggered by the death of kings charles, england allies to preserve the european balance of power and prevent france from taking over, ends with the treaty of utretch

tupac amaru rebellion

result of the bourbon reforms high taxation, largest peasant and indigenous uprising in colonial spanish america

non-sedentary

adaptation to food-scarce environments defined by frequent movement

semisedentary

agricultural practices adapted to thin, tropical soils - shifted periodically

fully sedentary

permanent settlements, high planes, empire like societies - did not move