Applied Health Care Research Exam 2

Foundations of quantitative methodology

Deductive reasoning

Logical positivism

3 Qualities of a True Experimental Design

Randomization

Control

Manipulation

Why is True-Experimental Design the Gold Standard

High level of internal validity and control

Correlation equals causation

False

What are threats to internal validity

History

Maturation

Instrumentation

Testing

Selection Bias

Experimental Mortality

Statistical Regression

Cambell and Stanley’s Notation

X = independent variable

O = dependent variable

R = randomization

O₁ → O₂ = Pre test → Post test

Counterbalance Designs

Providing more than one intervention in a different order

Threats to Reliability

Inconsistent procedures

Observer or rater bias

Participant factors

Environmental factors

Instrument problems

Data entry errors

Phase 1 of CRT

Is it safe

Phase 2 of CRT

Does it work

Phase 3 of CRT

Does it work better than what we have

Phase 4 of CRT

What happens in the real world, long-term

Qualitative Research

Systematic scientific inquiries

Ontological Perspective

Multiple people experiencing the same situation differently

Epistemology

How knowledge is acquired

Axiological Assumptions

What role do values play

Explicit v Tacit Knowladge

Knowledge that is easy to explain and share

Knowledge gained from experience and practice

Implicit Knowledge

Between explicit and tacit knowledge

Information that you are not consciously aware of

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Natural setting

Researcher as a human instrument

Reflexive journaling

Emergent design

Phenomenology

Study of lived experiences

Grounded Theories

Developing new theories

Case Study

In-depth look into something of interest

Historical

Examining and describing past events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future.

Narrative

Based on written or spoken words or visual respresentations of individuals

Member checking

Checking interviewee to make sure of understanding

Concurrent Mixed Methods

Data is collected in a single phase

Convergent Mixed Methods

Data is collected and analyzed separately

Sequential Mixed Methods

First phase informs the second phase

Explanatory (Quant → Qual)

Exploratory (Qual → Quant)

Embedded/Nested Mixed Methods

Data is collected within a larger design

Multiphase Mixed Methods

Multiple mixed methods studies in a sequential or concurrent manner.

Boundary Setting

Defines scope and limits of a research study

Specifies who what and where of the study

Helps determine populations or settings

Five Irrelated Consideations

Philosophical framework

Research purpose

Research question

Research design

Access

Terminology for those being studied

Subject

Participant

Informant

Respondent

Terms for nonhuman delimiters of a study

Locations

Conceptual boundaries

Virtual boundaries

Human Delimiters of a Study

Age

Gender

Ethnicity

Socioeconomic status

Geogrpahy/setting

Health conditions

Target Population

The entire population of interest

Strata

Subpopulations of a population

Accessible Population

Portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher

Representative Sample

Characteristics closely approximate those of the population

Convenience Sampling

Sample that is readily available to the researcher

Snowball (Network) Sampling

Participants recruit others in their circles

Quota Sampling

Non-random method to help with representative data in a sample

Purposive Sampling

Participants are selected according to the needs of the study

Respondent falls under

Quantitative research