AP EURO Period 2, on test

anti-clericalism

opposition to the clergy

simony & nepotism

the selling of church positions, giving benefits to your family

indulgences

"as soon as the coin in the coffers ring, the soul from purgatory springs"

Protestant

a general term applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians

sola scriptura

the only authority in Christianity is the Bible

sola fide

salvation comes from faith alone

printing press

allowed for the rapid spread of Luther's works/ideas (also distributed images, allowing even the illiterate to understand)

Diet of Worms

Luther refused to take back his ideas and was excommunicated

Martin Luther

studied at the University of Erfurt, studied law, joined the Augustinian friars due to a sense of religious calling, was ordained as a priest, and served as a professor at the University of Wittenberg until his death

95 Theses

arguments written by Martin Luther against indulgences

Anabaptists

radicals who took the Bible literally (adult baptism, total separation of church and state, called for communal ownership of property) and were hated by Catholics and Protestants alike

the allowing of divorce (Protestant Reformation)

allowed marriages in which one or more parties' souls and/or well-being were damaged to be dissolved (last resort)

Habsburgs

powerful af dynasty who married their way into power

Charles V

a Habsburg and ruler of the Holy Roman Empire

Peace of Augsburg

officially recognized Lutheranism after years of fighting, allowing each territory to decide whether it would be Catholic or Lutheran (however, all the people in those territories had to belong to that religion!)

Henry VIII's title

"The Defender of the Faith"

Mary Tudor

made England extra Catholic, married Philip II of Spain in a highly unpopular move, executed several hundred Protestants

Elizabethean Settlement

Elizabeth I became supreme governor of the church and required her subjects to attend services in the Church of England but did not interfere with people's privately held beliefs

Phillip II

wanted to reunite England with Catholic Europe through his marriage with Mary Tudor

predestination

God in his infinite wisdom decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who damned (no free will)

Council of Trent

called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and reconcile w/ the Protestants, caused a spiritual renewal in the Catholic Church

Teresa of Avila

had 'mythical experiences' and reformed her Carmelite order to bring it back to stricter standards of asceticism and poverty, traveling throughout Spain and founding many new convents

Edict of Nantes

granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots

Transubstantiation

is the Roman Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine used during the Eucharist literally and substantially transform into the actual body, blood, soul, and divinity of Jesus Christ

Eucharist

the Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, where bread and wine are consecrated and consumed.

Calvinism

Calvinism is the branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin that emphasizes predestination, God's absolute sovereignty, and the primacy of scripture.

Spanish Armada

a massive fleet of about 130 ships sent by the Catholic Habsburg King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade Protestant England, overthrow Queen Elizabeth I, and halt English support for the Dutch Revolt

80 Years’ War/The Dutch Revolt

the successful rebellion of the Protestant northern provinces of the Netherlands against the rule of the Catholic King Philip II of Spain.

French Wars of Religion

a series of civil wars fought in France between French Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinists), driven by religious division and a power struggle between noble factions and a weak monarchy

30 Years War

(1618–1648) was the final and deadliest of Europe's religious wars, fought primarily within the Holy Roman Empire. In AP European History (Unit 2: Age of Reformation), it represents the critical turning point where conflicts shifted from purely religious disputes to secular, state-driven geopolitics (4 PHASES)

Defenestration of Prague

the hurling of two Catholic Habsburg officials and their secretary out of a third-story window of Prague Castle by Protestant Bohemian nobles on May 23, 1618

Peace of Westphalia

a collection of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War

Ignatius Loyola/Jesuits

Spanish soldier turned Catholic theologian who founded the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) in 1540 as a central pillar of the Catholic Counter-Reformation

Elizabeth I

the last Tudor monarch of England, famously known as the "Virgin Queen", who consolidated royal power, stabilized religion, and established England as a major European sea power.

Puritans

English Calvinists in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted to "purify" the Church of England of remaining Roman Catholic ceremonies, vestments, and hierarchy (such as bishops)

Huguenots

French Calvinist Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, representing a major religious and political minority

John Calvin

French Protestant reformer whose theological system became a major pillar of the Protestant Reformation during AP European History

Act of Supremacy

a law passed by the English Parliament that declared King Henry VIII and his successors the Supreme Head of the Church of England, legally severing England's ties with the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope