Chapter 1 SG

what do all eukaryotic animals start out as?

they start as unicellular and go through mitosis

what do all eukaryotic animals go through?

they go through differentiation to have different organs and different tissues for different body parts

differential gene expression

where different genes are turned on or off and different cell types to make different tissues or different parts of the organism.

not all DNA is transcribed into RNA, but

all cells read DNA and make RNA

what are lipids attached to?

a building block such as glycerol

what shows that DNA is identical?

two duplexes

what is horizontal DNA transfer responsible for in EUKARYOTES

chloroplast and mitochondria

gene expression

the biological process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional product

intragenic mutation

a genetic change that occurs within the same gene

gene duplication

a genetic mutation where an extra copy of a region of DNA containing a gene is created

gene segment shuffling

a laboratory technique used to rapidly evolve proteins and create new genes by randomly breaking apart related DNA sequences and reassembling them into new combinations

horizontal DNA transfer

the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by parent-to-offspring reproduction

gene duplication

a major type of genetic mutation where an extra copy of a region of DNA containing a gene is created

genome

the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell

what are the building blocks of DNA?

sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, a nitrogenous base (A - T, C - G)

what is the monomer and polymer form of DNA?

nucleotide, nucleic acid

what are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids chained together by end-to-end peptide bonds

what are the monomer and polymer forms of proteins?

amino acids, protein

what are the building blocks of lipids?

fatty acids+glycerol

what are the monomer and polymer forms of lipids?

fatty acids, lipids

what are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

what are the monomer and polymer forms of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, polysaccharides

how are lipids formed?

through a dehydration synthesis where hydrocarbons are joined together through covalent bond by the removal of H2O

complementary base pairing

C = G
A = T

what is translation?

when we build the protein. tRNA in the cytoplasm brings amino acids together to make proteins. mRNA directs which tRNA comes in, second-handedly controlling which amino acids are transferred. tRNA look for complementary bases on mRNA and transfer their amino acid--> complementary base pairing. They pair in 3's, this is called a codon (mRNA) and anticodon (tRNA)

what is transcription?

when we transcribe DNA into a message (happens in the nucleus). RNA polymerase connects complementary RNA bases to DNA and they bond together to form a single stranded mRNA (messenger RNA). mRNA can go out of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm, and then attach to a ribosome. Ribosomes are made up of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and they build proteins.

protein synthesis

how RNA makes proteins / TC & TL

what comes first in protein synthesis? TL or TC?

TC

what biological molecules speed up a reaction?

enzymes and ribosomes

anabolism

anabolic reactions: consume energy, +Δ𝐺

involved in synthesis and consumes ATP

catabolism

catabolic reactions: release energy, -Δ𝐺

involved in degradation and creates ATP

vital coenzymes for catabolism & anabolism

NADH, NADPH, FADH2, and Coenzyme A (CoA)

coenzymes that move electrons, hydrogens, or acyl groups to drive either catabolism or anabolism

how are proteins involved in making DNA?

enzymes (protein) drive DNA replication!

helicase: (protein) breaks the bonds that hold the two DNA strands together UNZIP

DNA polymerase: (enzyme) links nucleotides together to build a new, matching DNA strand from 5’ to 3’

DNA ligase: "glues" the pieces of the lagging strand into a solid strand

Primase: shows where the polymerase

how are proteins involved in making RNA?

transcription: RNA polermerase attaches and splits the gene and makes a strand of messenger RNA with free bases

how are proteins involved in making themselves?

translation: RIBOSOMES bind to RNA and reads it with tRNA, producing chains of amino acids to form proteins

what is a lipid bilayer?

a double-layer of lipids

what is a membrane?

the complete, functional boundary made up of that lipid bilayer plus embedded proteins, carbohydrates, and other molecules

what part of a lipid is polar/hydrophilic?

phosphate group and glycerol head

what part of a lipid is nonpolar/hydrophobic?

fatty acid tail

what type of organism does horizontal DNA transfer occur in?

prokaryotes

what organelles do animal cells lack that are present in plant cells?

chloroplasts, cell wall, and a large central vacuole

what are the three domains of life?

Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea

which prokaryote group is closest to eukaryotes?

Archaea

what are the three shapes of bacteria?

Spherical (Streptococcus), rod-shaped (Escherichia coli), spiral (Treponema pallidum)

how were prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?

a prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound structures

why is it important that ribosome RNA is conserved? what does that even mean?

rRNA is conserved because it performs an essential, unchanging cellular job that cannot tolerate mutations without killing the cell

what are some examples of gene families that came from gene duplication?

Kinases, oxido-reductases, hydrolases, and proteoases (p24 in slides)

what does it mean that eukaryotes have a hybrid genome?

eukaryotic cells contain a mix of genes from archaea and bacteria

why are there regulatory DNA sequences?

they control when, where, and how intensely genes are expressed

what three organelles are unique to plant cells?

cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles

what organelles are in common between a plant and prokaryote?

ribosome

which organelle came first - - mitochondria or chloroplast?

mitochondria

did the nucleus come from endosymbiosis?

debated

is there always a correlation with the amount of DNA and the complexity of the organism?

no

what are some examples of some model organisms?

E. coli, yeast, Arabidopsis, and Drosophila