Learn: ECCB 205- Fall 2023- Exam 2 Guide
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77 Terms
Growth (continuous vs. discrete models)
Understanding different models of population growth
Geometric growth (lambda)
Understanding the concept of geometric growth and its symbol
Exponential growth (know relationship between lambda and r)
Understanding the relationship between lambda and r in exponential growth
Logistic growth (know K)
Understanding logistic growth and the value of K
Instantaneous growth rate
Understanding how the instantaneous growth rate changes with population size
Per capita growth rate
Understanding how to calculate the per capita growth rate
Age structure
Understanding the concept of age structure in population growth
Pyramid shape and population growth
Understanding the relationship between pyramid shape and population growth
Density independence vs. Negative density dependence vs. positive density dependence (Allee effect)
Understanding the different effects of density on per-capita growth rate
Doubling time
Understanding the concept of doubling time in population growth (not required)
Life history traits
Understanding the characteristics of life history traits
Trade-offs in the allocation of resources
Understanding the trade-offs in resource allocation for life histories
Life histories vary along a slow-fast continuum (r vs. K strategists)
Understanding the variation in life histories along the r vs. K strategist continuum
Trinidadian guppies example
Understanding the concepts related to Trinidadian guppies example
Resource definition from the perspective of competition
Understanding the definition of resources in the context of competition
Realized vs fundamental niche
Understanding the difference between realized and fundamental niche in competition
Intra- vs. Inter-specific competition
Understanding the difference between intra-specific and inter-specific competition
Competitive exclusion principle
Understanding the concept of competitive exclusion in competition
The role of abiotic factors on the outcome of competition
Understanding how abiotic factors influence the outcome of competition
Asymmetric Competition
Understanding the concept of asymmetric competition
The role of disturbances on the outcome of competition
Understanding how disturbances affect the outcome of competition
The role of predation and herbivory on the outcome of competition
Understanding how predation and herbivory influence the outcome of competition
Exploitative competition = resource competition = indirect competition
Understanding the different terms for competition
Interference competition = direct competition
Understanding the concept of interference competition
Preemption vs. territoriality
Understanding the difference between preemption and territoriality in competition
Allelopathy
Understanding the concept of allelopathy in competition
Apparent competition
Understanding the concept of apparent competition
Ecto vs endoparasites (advantages and disadvantages)
Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of ecto and endoparasites
Differences between bacteria and protozoans
Understanding the differences between bacteria and protozoans in the treatment of human parasites/pathogens
Plant defenses against herbivory
Understanding the different strategies plants use to defend against herbivory
Animal defenses against predation
Understanding the different defenses animals use against predation
Trade-offs (costs of defenses)
Understanding the trade-offs involved in the costs of defenses
Lotka-Volterra for predator and prey
Understanding the Lotka-Volterra equations for predator and prey populations
Why does the growth of the predator population lag behind that of the prey population?
Understanding the reason for the lag in predator population growth
Stochastic vs. deterministic models
Understanding the difference between stochastic and deterministic models
Red Queen hypothesis
Understanding the concept of the Red Queen hypothesis
Why is sexual reproduction considered more costly than asexual reproduction?
Understanding the cost difference between sexual and asexual reproduction
Recombination
Understanding the concept of recombination in reproduction
Coevolution
Understanding the concept of coevolution and reciprocal adaptation
Parasite load
Understanding the concept of parasite load in coevolution
Diffuse/guild vs specific coevolution
Understanding the difference between diffuse/guild and specific coevolution
Symbiosis, commensalism; mutualism; symbiont
Understanding the different types of symbiotic relationships
Endosymbiosis; endosymbiont
Understanding the concept of endosymbiosis and endosymbionts
Generalists vs. Specialists; obligate vs. facultative
Understanding the difference between generalists and specialists in symbiotic relationships
Types of mutualisms
Understanding the different types of mutualistic relationships
Drosophila-Spiroplasma defensive mutualism case study
Understanding the patterns in the Drosophila-Spiroplasma defensive mutualism case study
Relationship between temperature and performance across a range of biological scales
Understanding the relationship between temperature and performance in biological processes
Ectotherm vs. endotherm
Understanding the difference between ectotherms and endotherms
Climate forcings (natural and anthropogenic), attribution
Understanding the different climate forcings and their attribution
Primary source of uncertainty in projections of warming
Understanding the main source of uncertainty in projections of warming
Forcings responsible for glacial-interglacial (=Milankovitch) cycles
Understanding the forcings responsible for glacial-interglacial cycles
Evidence for attributing recent changes in Earth's climate to human activity
Understanding the evidence for attributing recent climate changes to human activity
General patterns of differences in climate change
Understanding the general patterns of differences in climate change
Direct vs. indirect evidence of climate change
Understanding the different types of evidence for climate change
Anomaly
Understanding the concept of anomaly in climate change
Earth's climate systems and common indices of change
Understanding the different climate systems and indices of change
Water vapor holding capacity of air as a function of temperature
Understanding the relationship between water vapor holding capacity and temperature
Pattern of temperature changes over time in the past ~150 years
Understanding the general pattern of temperature changes in the past 150 years
Trends of Minimum Arctic Sea Ice Area since ~1980
Understanding the trends in Minimum Arctic Sea Ice Area since 1980
Global mean sea level trends since ~1880
Understanding the trends in global mean sea level since 1880
Keeling Curve
Understanding the concept of the Keeling Curve and its trend
Hottest Earth summer on record
Understanding the concept of the hottest Earth summer on record
Isotope signatures from ice cores
Understanding the use of isotope signatures in ice cores as evidence of climate change
Evidence of temperature changes from tree rings in the Northern hemisphere
Understanding the evidence of temperature changes from tree rings in the Northern hemisphere
Hockey stick graph
Understanding the general trend of the hockey stick graph
Four main greenhouse gases
Understanding the four main greenhouse gases
Greenhouse effect
Understanding the concept of the greenhouse effect
Albedo
Understanding the concept of albedo in climate change
Thresholds, tipping points
Understanding the concept of thresholds and tipping points in climate change
Feedbacks (positive and negative)
Understanding the different types of feedbacks in climate change
Biological consequences of climate change
Understanding the direct and indirect biological consequences of climate change
Higher CO2 and its effects on coral reefs and shell building invertebrates
Understanding how higher CO2 affects coral reefs and shell building invertebrates
Phenology
Understanding the concept of phenology and interpreting graphs related to it
Trophic mismatch
Understanding the concept of trophic mismatch in climate change
Biological responses to climate change and their limits
Understanding the biological responses to climate change and their limitations
Effect of ozone, stratosphere, CFCs, troposphere
Understanding the effects of ozone, stratosphere, CFCs, and troposphere on climate change
Climate velocity
Understanding the concept of climate velocity in climate change