Short-Term Memory, Working Memory, and Prefrontal Substrates

Flashcard set focusing on the distinctions between short-term and long-term memory, sensory registers, Baddeley's working memory model, and prefrontal cortex functional anatomy.

According to Ebbinghaus's findings on memory recall, an individual exerts no effort to recall $1$ to $5$ nonsense syllables, but requires considerable effort to recall more than __________ syllables.

$$5$$

From a biological perspective, inhibiting protein synthesis does not impair within-session memory but prevents the build-up of memory across __________.

sessions

Neurological patients can demonstrate specific deficits in STM, LTM, or in the transition from STM to LTM, as exemplified by patient __________.

HM

According to the behavioral distinctions between memory systems, short-term memory holds the active contents of consciousness, whereas long-term memory holds content that is __________ currently in consciousness.

not

In contrast to long-term memory where access is slower, access to information in short-term memory is __________.

rapid

While the storage capacity of short-term memory is limited, the storage capacity of long-term memory is considered __________.

unlimited

Regarding the speed of forgetting, items stored in short-term memory are forgotten quickly, whereas items in long-term memory are forgotten more __________.

slowly

The traditional three-stage model of memory comprising sensory registers, short-term memory, and long-term memory was introduced in $1968$ by __________ and Shiffrin.

Atkinson

In the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, environmental input enters through sensory registers categorized into visual, auditory, and __________ stores.

haptic

Within short-term memory in the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, active control processes include rehearsal and __________ strategies.

retrieval

In George Sperling's ($1960$) iconic memory experiments, a matrix of letters was flashed to participants for a duration of __________ milliseconds.

$$50$$

When Sperling utilized the whole report procedure, participants were typically able to identify and report only __________ letters.

$$4$$

In Sperling's __________ report procedure, participants were signaled immediately after exposure to recall only the top, middle, or bottom row, enabling recall of any requested row.

partial

The iconic store (visual sensory register) holds pre-categorical visual information for approximately __________ msec longer before it quickly fades.

$$250$$

The total capacity of the iconic sensory store is up to __________ items.

$$12$$

The echoic store (auditory sensory register) holds auditory information for __________ seconds longer to enable processing.

$$2\text{-}3$$

George Miller ($1956$) identified the capacity of short-term memory as five to nine meaningful items, summarized as the magical number __________.

$$7 \pm 2$$

Without active rehearsal, information held in short-term memory has a 'shelf-life' of approximately __________ seconds.

$$20$$

The memory strategy of combining individual items into larger units of meaning to increase short-term memory capacity is termed __________.

chunking

Short-term memory acts as a 'mental workspace' known as __________ memory, which stores information, actively processes it, and supports problem solving and planning.

working

In the Baddeley and Hitch ($1974$, $2000$) model of working memory, auditory storage and verbal rehearsal are handled by the __________ loop.

phonological

In the working memory model, the store responsible for holding mental images and spatial information is the __________ sketchpad.

visuo-spatial

In Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that directs attention, coordinates recall from LTM, and integrates input is the __________ executive.

central

Baddeley ($1986$) demonstrated support for an articulatory loop by showing that memory recall performance for one-syllable versus five-syllable words was determined by __________ rate.

reading

The visuo-spatial sketchpad can be experimentally disrupted using a __________ paradigm where participants must tap a specified pattern of keys or locations while simultaneously using mental imagery.

dual-task

Patients who suffer frontal cortex damage frequently exhibit __________ syndrome, characterized by marked decreases in working memory and executive function.

dysexecutive

Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield described how his sister, formerly an accomplished chef, became aimless in the kitchen due to frontal lobe damage caused by the removal of a __________.

tumor

Along the anterior-posterior axis of the prefrontal cortex, goals and plans are organized hierarchically from abstract in the anterior regions to __________ in the posterior regions.

concrete

While the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) supports encoding and retrieval, the __________ prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) supports monitoring and manipulating stored information.

dorsolateral

During the encoding of verbal information, the anterior prefrontal cortex is activated for semantic processing, while the posterior prefrontal cortex is activated for __________ processing.

phonological