Scott Crousillac - Bio 1001 Exam 1 (Ch 1,2,3)

the science of studying living organisms and life processes

Biology

What are the characteristics of life?

Complex, organized structure

Response to stimuli

Homeostasis

Ability to acquire material & energy

Growth

Reproduction

Ability to evolve

The complexity of life is built in ______

Levels

Life is both _______ and _________

Complexed and Organized

When two or more things come together, they develop a new property that was absent in the individuals.

Ex:

Example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

Sodium = solid metal

Chlorine = poisonous gas

Put them together = table salt

Emergent Property

Ex:

Example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

Sodium = solid metal

Chlorine = poisonous gas

Put them together = table salt

What are the levels of organization of life?

(Most vague to most precise)

Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Species, Population, Multicellular Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Organelle, Molecule, Atom, Subatomic Particle

Part of earth that sustains life, uppermost atmosphere to the deep sea. Includes both living and nonliving aspects.

Biosphere

Ex: Earth's surface

A community along with its nonliving surroundings

Ecosystem

Ex: Snake, Antelope, Hawk, Bushes, Grass, Rocks, Stream

Two or more populations of different species living and interacting in the same area

Community

Ex: Snake, Antelope. Hawk, Bushes, Grass

Very similar, potentially interbreeding organisms.

Species

Ex: Herd of Pronghorn Antelope

Members of one species inhabiting the same area

Population

Ex: Herd of Pronghorn Antelope (Living in a Savannah)

An individual living thing composed of many cells

Multicellular Organism

Ex: Pronghorn Antelope

Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific bodily function

Organ System

Ex: Nervous System

A structure usually composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit

Organ

Ex: Brain

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function

Tissue

Ex: Nervous Tissue

The smallest unit of life

Cell

Ex: Nerve Cell

A structure within a cell that performs a specific function

Organelle

Ex: Mitochondrion, Chloroplast, Nucleus

A combination of atoms

Molecule

Ex: Water, Glucose, DNA

The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.

Atom

Ex: Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen

Particles that make up an atom

Subatomic Particle

Ex: Proton, Neutron, Electron

An organism's reaction to the changes in the environment around it. Some are slow and cannot be seen.

Stimuli

The ability to maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment.

Homeostasis

How do living things acquire energy

Living things MUST eat in order to survive. Energy is consumed and transformed in a usable manner

Organisms that can take in nutrients for raw materials and energy are called?

Heterotrophs

Organisms that can use sunlight for energy to produce rich sugar molecules are called?

Autotrophs

The sum total of all of the chemical reactions within an organism. It changes the raw material & energy into usable forms.

Metabolism

The most important metabolic reaction involves...

Breaking down the food we eat into a usable energy source (ATP) for our cells.

All living organisms ____ during their life.

Grow

The genetic information for producing a species is stored in the ______ of the parents. This information is passed onto the offspring as well.

DNA

Individuals ________ with their own kind.

Reproduce

The process of survival of the fittest; Natural Selection.

evolution

What is the most important concept in Biology?

evolution

What are the requirements for Evolution to occur?

Genetic variation and competition

The evolutionary changes that take several DNA changes accompanied by the accumulation of DNA changes are known as

mutations

All living things share these characteristics (Complex structure, Stimuli, Homeostasis, Growth, Reproduction, and Evolution), yet there is great _______ among life

Diversity

All living things are organized into _____

groups

The major organization of groups, called ________

domains

What are the 3 Domains and if they are Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Bacteria - Prokaryotic

Archaea - Prokaryotic

Eukarya - Eukaryotic

A cell that has no nucleus and no internal organelles.

Prokaryote

A cell that has a nucleus and internal organelles.

Eukaryote

Within the domains there are at least ________ groups known as _______.

6, Kingdoms

Prokaryotes have

No nucleus

Genetic Material in a "Nucleoid Region"

No organelles

Eukaryotes have

Nucleus in a Nuclear envelope

Genetic material in the Nucleus

Cytosol within membrane-bound organelles

List the 6 Kingdoms

Bacteria

Archaea

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Describe the Kingdom "Bacteria" (Cell Type, Cell Number, How Energy is Obtained)

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Absorption/Photosynthesis

Describe the Kingdom "Archaea" (Cell Type, Cell Number, How Energy is Obtained)

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Absorption/Photosynthesis

Describe the Kingdom "Protista" (Cell Type, Cell Number, How Energy is Obtained)

Eukaryotic, Unicellular, Absorption, Photosynthesis, Ingestion

Describe the Kingdom "Fungi" (Cell Type, Cell Number, How Energy is Obtained)

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Absorption

Describe the Kingdom "Plantae" (Cell Type, Cell Number, How Energy is Obtained)

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Photosynthesis

Describe the Kingdom "Animalia" (Cell Type, Cell Number, How Energy is Obtained)

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Ingestion

What are the 3 classification levels at the Kingdom level?

Nucleus or No Nucleus, # of Cells, How Energy is Obtained

What are the three methods of obtaining nutrients/energy?

Photosynthesis

Absorption

Ingestion

When a cell makes its own food using sunlight

Photosynthesis

When a cell absorbs food from its environment like a sponge

Absorption

When a cell eats food

Ingestion

What is the smallest unit of organization?

atom

The basic unit of all forms of matter is the ____. It is also the smallest unit of matter that retains the physical and chemical properties of the element.

atom

What are the three subatomic particles?

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

What are the charges of each subatomic particle?

Proton - Positive

Neutron - Neutral

Electron - Negative

Nucleus - Positive

A collection of atoms from the same type

element

Atomic mass is the....

Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

An element with a changed number of neutrons.

Isotope

The "cloud" around the nucleus in which electrons orbit

Electron orbital?

What is the difference between a reactive and inert electron shell?

Reactive - Partially full electron shell

Inert - Full electron shell

An attraction between two atoms

Chemical Bond?

Two or more atoms held together

molecule?

Two or more identical atoms that are bonded

element?

Two or more different atoms that are bonded

compound?

An atom with a changed amount of electrons. (It has a charge)

ion?

What is the difference between an anion and cation?

Anion - A negative ion

Cation - A positive ion

Often called a salt, it is formed when one atom takes electrons from another atom. This forms a compound that is strong, has a neutral charge, and dissolves easily in water.

ionic compound

A bond between two atoms when sharing an electron

covalent bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally

nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared, but one atom has a better "grip" on the electron, making it lopsided.

polar Covalent Bond

an atom's ability to attract and hold electrons

Electronegativity

A bond formed by the charge between a hydrogen atom (Inside of a water molecule) and another atom (Or molecule)

hydrogen bond

What percent of cells is made up of water?

70-95%

Water covers how much of the Earth's surface

70%

Water is a strong solvent for ____ molecules because _____

Polar molecules; it is also polar.

What is the difference between hydrophillic and hydrophobic?

Hydrophillic - easily dissolved in water

Hydrophobic - Nonpolar, not dissolvable in water

What properties do hydrophobic molecules have in water?

They clump together

Attraction between like molecules

Cohesion

Cohesion among water molecules, specifically at its surface

Surface Tension

Water molecules can _______, leading them to break up into __ and ___ ions.

Dissasociate, H+ and OH-

In pure water, the number of H+ ions and OH- ions are

Equal

If a solution is ______, then it has more H+ ions than OH- ions

Acidic

If a solution is _____, then it has more OH- ions than H+ ions

Basic

Acids are proton _____, while bases are proton ______

donator, acceptor

The scale used to measure acidity of solutions

pH Scale

pH works on what type of scale?

Logarithmic

Most biological solutions are between pH _ and pH _

6 and 8

Substances that prevent large, sudden changes in pH

Buffers

Ex: Bicarbonate Buffer

What properties of water help keep temperature stable?

High specific heat, High heat of vaporization, High heat of fusion

The amount of energy to be absorbed or lost in order to change one gram of matter by 1*C

Specific Heat

The heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas

Heat of Vaporization?

The amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point

Heat of Fusion

Molecules containing Hydrogen and Carbon

organic molecules

Most biologically related molecules contain ____ and ____

water and carbon

____ atoms are the most versatile building block molecules

Carbon. It has 4 valence electrons and can bind to 2,3, or 4 other atoms

Small characteristic group of atoms which are bonded to a carbon backbone

functional groups