APUSH 7B

Henry Ford

American industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company, known for revolutionizing assembly line production.

assembly line

Manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to increase efficiency.

consumer appliances

Devices designed for everyday use by consumers, often for household or personal tasks.

“open shop”

A workplace where employees are not required to join a union.

Welfare capitalism

A system in which companies provide social welfare benefits to their employees.

mass media

Forms of communication that reach large audiences, such as radio, television, and newspapers.

radio

A technology that uses electromagnetic waves to communicate audio signals.

movie industry

The sector responsible for producing and distributing films and movies.

Hollywood

The center of the American movie industry, located in Los Angeles, California.

popular music

Music that is widely enjoyed by the general public, often characterized by catchy melodies and vocal harmonies.

phonographs

Devices for playing recorded sound by means of a rotating disk or cylinder.

popular heroes

Individuals admired for their achievements, character, or contributions to society.

Charles Lindberg

American aviator known for his pioneering transatlantic flight in 1927.

modernism

A cultural movement embracing new ideas, forms, and styles in art, literature, and architecture.

fundamentalism

A strict adherence to specific theological doctrines, often in reaction to modernism.

revivalists

Preachers or religious leaders who seek to renew interest in religious practice through revival meetings.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 legal case in which a teacher was prosecuted for teaching evolution in schools.

Clarence Darrow

Famous American lawyer known for defending controversial cases, including the Scopes Trial.

Volstead Act

Law enacted to enforce Prohibition in the United States.

Al Capone

Infamous American gangster who led organized crime during the Prohibition era.

organized crime

Criminal organizations that systematically engage in illegal activities.

21st Amendment

The constitutional amendment that repealed Prohibition in the United States.

quota laws

Legislation that limits the number of immigrants allowed entry into a country.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrants and anarchists who were controversially convicted of murder in a widely publicized trial.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist hate group founded in the aftermath of the Civil War.

Birth of a Nation

A 1915 silent film that is controversial for its portrayal of African Americans and the Ku Klux Klan.

“lost generation”

A term used to describe a group of American literary figures who were disillusioned by World War I.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

American author best known for his novel, 'The Great Gatsby,' which critiques the American Dream.

Ernest Hemingway

American novelist and short story writer known for his terse prose style and themes of stoicism.

T.S. Elliot

Poet and playwright known for his works addressing modern society and his poem 'The Wasteland'.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.

Margaret Sanger

Activist who fought for women's reproductive rights and access to birth control.

“Harlem Renaissance”

A cultural movement in the 1920s that celebrated African American cultural, artistic, and intellectual achievements.

Langston Hughes

A leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance, known for his poetry and essays on race and identity.

Duke Ellington

Influential American jazz composer, pianist, and bandleader.

Louis Armstrong

Legendary jazz musician known for his virtuosic trumpet playing and distinctive voice.

Bessie Smith

An iconic blues singer and one of the most popular vocalists of the 1920s.

Back-to-Africa movement

A social movement seeking to encourage African Americans to return to Africa.

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican political leader known for his advocacy of Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism.

Black pride

A movement emphasizing the importance of racial identity and cultural heritage among African Americans.

Warren Harding

29th President of the United States, known for his campaign of 'Return to Normalcy' after WWI.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Corruption scandal during the Harding administration involving the leasing of federal oil reserves.

Calvin Coolidge

30th President of the United States, known for his laissez-faire economic policies.

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States, who faced the Great Depression during his time in office.

Alfred E. Smith

First Catholic presidential candidate for a major party, known for his opposition to Prohibition.

Consumer culture

A culture that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.

Only Yesterday

A book by Frederick Lewis Allen that captures the spirit of America in the 1920s.

Black Tuesday

The day (October 29, 1929) the stock market crashed, signaling the start of the Great Depression.

Dow Jones index

A stock market index that indicates the value of 30 significant publicly traded companies.

buying on margin

Purchasing stocks with borrowed money, often leading to financial instability.

credit

The provision of loaned money or goods with an agreement to pay back later.

Federal Reserve

The central banking system of the United States that regulates the monetary policy.

stock market crash

A sudden sharp decline in stock prices, leading to economic downturns.

gross national product

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country over a specific time.

Herbert Hoover

President during the onset of the Great Depression, criticized for his response to the economic crisis.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

An act that raised tariffs on imported goods, worsening the Great Depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government agency established to provide financial support to banks and businesses during the Great Depression.

Bonus March

A protest by World War I veterans seeking the immediate cash payment of their service bonuses.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States, known for his New Deal programs to counter the Great Depression.

20th Amendment

Amendment that changed the dates of congressional and presidential terms.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Human rights activist and First Lady, known for her role in promoting social justice.

New Deal

A series of programs and policies designed to promote economic recovery and social reform during the Great Depression.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

The three main goals of the New Deal programs.

Brain Trust

A group of academic advisors that helped Franklin D. Roosevelt develop New Deal policies.

Frances Perkins

First woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet, serving as Secretary of Labor during the New Deal.

Hundred Days

The first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, marked by intense legislative activity.

bank holiday

A temporary closure of banks ordered by the government to stabilize the financial system.

repeal of Prohibition/21st Amendment

The constitutional amendment that ended the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.

fireside chats

Radio broadcasts in which President Roosevelt addressed the American public directly.

Public Works Administration

New Deal agency that funded large-scale public works projects to provide jobs.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A New Deal program that employed young men to work on environmental conservation projects.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A federally owned corporation created to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Legislation passed to stabilize the banking system during the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

Legislation that established the FDIC and separated commercial and investment banking.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A government agency that insures deposits in banks and thrift institutions.

National Recovery Administration

A New Deal agency that sought to stimulate the economy by regulating industry and labor.

Schechter v. U.S.

A Supreme Court case that invalidated the NRA, stating that Congress cannot regulate intrastate commerce.

Securities & Exchange Commission

The government agency responsible for regulating the securities industry and protecting investors.

Federal Housing Administration

An agency that provides mortgage insurance on loans made by approved lenders.

Works Progress Administration

A New Deal agency that employed millions of job-seekers to carry out public works projects.

National Labor Relations Act

Legislation that protected the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively.

Social Security Act

A law that created a system of old-age benefits, unemployment insurance, and aid for dependents.

John Maynard Keynes

Economist whose ideas on government spending to manage economic cycles influenced New Deal policies.

Father Charles E. Coughlin

A radio priest who became a critic of the New Deal and advocated for monetary reforms.

Francis E. Townsend

Proposed an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan that influenced the Social Security Act.

Huey Long

Louisiana politician who advocated for wealth redistribution and the Share Our Wealth program.

John L. Lewis

Labor leader and president of the United Mine Workers, key figure in the labor movement.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of unions that organized workers in mass production industries.

sit-down strike

A form of protest in which workers stop working but remain in the workplace.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Legislation that established minimum wage and maximum hours for workers.

Dust Bowl

A severe drought that affected the American Great Plains in the 1930s, causing agricultural devastation.

“Okies”

Displaced farmers from the Dust Bowl who migrated to California seeking better living conditions.

Steinbeck’s, The Grapes of Wrath

A novel depicting the struggles of Dust Bowl migrants during the Great Depression.

A. Philip Randolph

Labor leader and civil rights activist who organized the first predominantly Black labor union.

Indian Reorganization Act

Legislation that aimed to reverse the assimilation policies of Native Americans and promote self-governance.

disarmament

The reduction or elimination of military weapons and forces.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An international treaty that condemned war as a means of resolving disputes.

reparations

Compensation paid by a country for damages caused during a war.

Dawes Plan

A plan to help Germany pay reparations after World War I by restructuring its debts.

Good Neighbor policy

A diplomatic policy promoting friendly relations with Latin America.