APUSH - Washington, Adams, & Jefferson presidency

Albert Gallatin

Swiss born secretary (for Thomas Jefferson & James Madison) who disliked national debt but kept most Hamiltonian economic measures in effect

Alexander Hamilton

brilliant administer and financial wizard whose career was plagued by doubts about his charachter and his beliefs concerning popular government; Federalist; secretary for Washington

Hamilton's economic plan

1) Pay off American debt at face value and have the federal government assume the war debt of the states; 2) Protect the nations developing industries and collect adequate revenues at the same time by imposing high tariffs on imported goods; 3) create a National Bank (BUS) for depositing government funds and printing banknotes which would provide the basis for a stable US currency; mostly supported by northern merchants

Alien Act

restricted immigration allowed for deportation of 'dangerous' immigrates; especially targeted French immigrants because they mostly voted Democratic-Republican; gave the president the power to control all three branches of the government (made law, put it into effect, enforced it, assigned the punishment)

Sedition Act

prohibited newspapers from criticizing the president or Congress and imposed fines or imprisonment to editors that violated the law; targeted Democratic Republicans

Assumption

the national government taking the states' war debt and making it part of the national debt; in finance, the appropriation or taking on if monetary obligations not originally one's own

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments to the Constitution which protect the natural rights of Americans

Cabinet

the body of advisors to the president, not mentioned in the Constitution, that George Washington established as an important part of the new federal government

Cede

to yield or grant something, often upon request or under pressure

Census

an official count of population that federally occurs every 10 years in the US

Convention of 1800

a treaty between US and France that settled hostility that had erupted during the Quasi War

Democratic Republican Party

leaders - Thomas Jefferson & James Madison; stongest in the south and in the western frontier (skilled workers, small farmers & plantation owners); argued for states' rights, weak federal government; strictly interpreted the Constitution; pro-french, pro-agriculture, against BUS, against high tariffs; small peacetime army and navy

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) was elected president over Federalist John Adams; Federalists were swept from power; smooth transition of power from one party to next

Revolution of 1800

suggests the dramatic, unprecedented change that took place when Democratic Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent Federalist John Adams for the presidency

Embargo

a government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port; may be applied to all goods or only to designated goods

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson's policy which prohibited trade with all other nations

Excise

a tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of certain prodects

Federalist Party

leaders - John Adams and Alexander Hamilton; strongest in the northeastern states (northern business owners & large landowners); wanted a strong federal government; didn't trust common people to government, believed the wealthier and better educated should be in charge; pro-British, pro-tariffs, pro-Bus, pro-industry; loose interpretation of the constitution, implied powers; large peacetime army and navy

Whiskey Rebelion

a protest by poor western farmers against high tariffs on whiskey that was firmly suppressed by Washington and Hamilton's army

George Washington

elected the first president under new constitution unanimously in Electoral College; Vice President - John Adams (he got the 2nd most votes); opposed political parties; made a 3 branch legislature (executive, legislative, judicial); cabinet of advisors; domestic affairs - BUS, Whiskey Rebellion, Battle of Fallen Timber, Public Land Act; foreign affairs - Jay's treaty, Neutrality, Pinckney treaty

Impeachment

the charging of a public official with major misconduct, with the penalty of removal from office if convicted of the charge

Impress

to force people or property into public service without choice

Jay's Treaty

John Jay was sent to Britain to ask them to stop their practice of seizing American merchant ships and impressing sailors into the British Navy. Britain agreed to evacuate its post in US Western frontier, but said nothing about stopping their practice of seizing US goods

John Adams

Federalist; vice president - Thomas Jefferson; domestic affairs - midnight appointments, sedition act, fries rebellion; foreign affairs - xyz affairs, logan act, alien act, quasi war

John Marshall

federalist Supreme Court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review

Lame duck

a political official during the time he or she remains in office after a defeat or inability to seek another term, and whose power in therefor diminished

Lewis and Clark Expedition

after purchase of Louisiana Territory, Jefferson had scientific expedition funded in which many geographic and scientfic discoveries where made; better relations with Native Americans, more reliable maps for trappers

Louisiana Purchase

for $15 million, America purchased Florida and Louisiana from the French

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case in which Marshall declared part of the Judiciary act of 1789 was unconstitutional

Judicial review

the principle that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional

Midnight Judges

bitter about being beat by Jefferson, in the final days of his presidency he appointed many Federalist judges to various courts (the positions were open because of the Judiciary Act of 1789)

Neutrality Proclamation

Washington's proclamation that declared the US would remain neutral in French vs Britain fighting and the French Revolution

Nullification

in American politics the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its right or sovereignty

Pinckney Treaty

Spain, afraid that Jay's Treaty would draw the US closer to their enemy Britain, decided to consolidate their holdings in North America. Agreed to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans up to US trade and gave the the right of deposit. Agreed that Florida's northern boundary should be the 31st parallel

Sacajawea

Shoshone Indian who provided valuable guidance and assistance to Lewis and Clark as they crossed the Rocky Mountains

Samuel Chase

Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate

Secession

the withdraw, by legal or illegal means, of one portion of a political entity from the government to which it has been bound

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic Republican; Vice President fro 1st term was Aaron Burr and for 2nd term was George Clinton; domestic affairs - Lousiana Purchase, Marbury vs Madison, Hartford Convention; foreign affairs - Barbary pirates, Chesapeake affair, Embargo act

Undeclared War with France

another name for Quasi War

Quasi War

1798 to 1800; fought mainly in the sea between the US and France as a result of XYZ affair; the French viewed the US signing Jay's treaty as a violation of neutrality

VA and KT Resolution

after passing the Alien and Sedition Act, Democratic Republican leader argued it was violation of the 1st amendment, but there was not yet judicial review; they adopted resolution which declared that the states had entered into a 'compact' in forming the national government, and, therefore, if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state would nullify the federal law

Washington's Farewell address

warned against: 1) formation of political parties; 2) don't get involved in European affairs; 3) don't make "permeant alliances" in foreign affairs; 4) don't fall into sectionalism

Writ

a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some act