Organic Chemistry Exam 2 (Module 3-6)

Substrate

Contains the leaving group

Transition state charges

Both the nucleophile and leaving group should have a partial negative

Bimolecular

SN2 - two reactants effect the same rate

Steric hinderance

Slowing or prevention of a chemical reaction because of physical crowding (bulkiness) around the reactive site

Stereoisomer

Same formula with different 3D shape

Constitutional isomer

Same formula with different connectivity

Concerted reaction

A reaction where bond-forming and bond-breaking happen at the same time

Rate SN1

Rate=[alkyl halides]

Rate SN1

Rate=[alkyl halides][nucleophiles]

Achiral

A single compound and its mirror image are identical and superimposable

Chiral

A single compound cannot be superposed on its mirror image even with rotating

Enantiomer

A pair of molecules that are non superimposable mirror images of each other

Diastereomers

A pair of molecules that are not mirror images of each other

Chiral center

Tetrahedral carbon bonded to 4 different groups that can not be superimposed

Tetrahedral stereogenic center

Carbon bonded to 4 different groups (chiral center)

Trigonal stereogenic center

carbon bonded to three groups through a double bond (cis and trans alkene isomers)

Plane of symmetry

Immediately achiral

R

Clockwise

S

Counterclockwise

Conformer

Stereoisomer that rotates around the single bond without breaking the bond

Alcohol

Organic molecule with a hydroxyl group

Phenol

Benzene ring with hydroxyl group directly attached

Cyclic alcohols

Ring with hydroxyl group (hydroxyl group will aways be on carbon 1)

Alcohol/carbon classification

Depends on the around of carbons attached to the carbon caring the hydroxyl group

Inductive effect

Presences of election-withdraw group to increases acidity with -OH group

Alkyl halides

Alkyl bonded to a halide (F, Cl, Br, or I)

Protic

Contains hydrogen attached to a electronegative atom (favors SN1)

Aprotic

Does not contain hydrogen but has an electronegative atom (favors SN2)

Alkenyl

Group of carbon atoms that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond and is attached to the rest of a molecule.

Aryl

A aromatic ring (usually a benzene ring) attached to a R group

Racemic mixture

A mix of two chiral enantiomers in a reaction

Stereogenic center

A point in a molecule where changing any two groups can make a new stereoisomer

Meso compound

A compound that has multiple chiral centers but is achiral overall because of a plane of symmetry