Crime and Punishment

Midterm

Justice System in Media

ned stake game of thrones

salem witch trials: court trials before judicial officials, punishment for crime of witchcraft

Canadian government settled civil lawsuit with Khadr

argued his rights as citizen were infringed when federal government did not protect him

• both criminal justice (murder conviction) and civil justice (lawsuit)

Canadian Senate Expenses Scandal

several Canadian senators alleged financial misdeeds

in 249 BCE, Rome and North African city of Carthage were fighting

first Punic War

Who was in command of 123 ships, about to attack Carthaginian fleet where

Roman consul Publius Claudius Pulcher

about to attack Carthaginian fleet at Drepana, off coast of Sicily

Romans believed will of gods could be revealed via

bird omens

Take out sacred chickens and give them food. If chickens eat the food, this shows

god’s favour

Chickens refused to eat, Claudius said

let them drink

ordered them thrown into sea

Claudius attacked Carthaginian fleet anyway, lost how mant ships

93 of 123 ships

When Claudius returned to Rome, his poltixal enemies charged him with what and he was tried before whom

Charged him with capital treason

tried for assembly in Roman forum

By law, the trial had to completed in how long, what interrupted

had to be completed in single day

storm interrupted and assembly was forced to abandon proceedings

Tribunes ruled that since trial had not been completed in a day, Claudius

could not be convincted, could not be charged again

He could however be charged for same crime, but not capitally. He was fined

12,000 denarii.

1 denarius = average daily wage for unskilled labourer

Double Jeopardy

once Claudius had been tried, he could not be tried again on same charge for same crime, even though he was acquitted on technicality

It wasn’t the fact that Claudius lost the battle that was important but rather

that he engaged un battle when auspices (signs from gods) told him not to

it was regular in ancient greece and rome to charge generals with crimes when

theh returned from military campaigns, particularly if they had suffered defeat

the art and literature that society produces reflect

values and issues of that society

Ancient Greek and Roman laws were designed for whom: who were excluded

designed for the elite

• poorer classes, women, children and slaves were almost completly excluded from the law

Self-help

defending yourself and taking your own revenge for harm done to you

Civil law deals with

private relations or disputes between individuals

Civil case does not directly involve

the state

• state provides judge, jury, courtroom

• plantiff and defendant fund case

• damages paid not to state, but to plantiff as compensation for damage caused

Ancient Athens and Rome did not have state funded

police forces, prosecutors, prisons

• category of public (criminal) cases was more limited

Athenians dealt with murder as what type of case

private case, rather than public

• its accurate to say that murder in classial Athens was not a crime

Antiquity conceived of crime as, when did it become a public case

conceived of crime as confrontation btw private parties

• only became public case when crime directly involved state (electoral bribery, treason)

Responsibility of whom to bring charges, arrange trial, ensure attendance of accused in antiquity

victim / victims family

Foucault’s Case for Temporal Distortion

we are much less Greek than we believe

• just bc democracy, philosophy exist in later socities, does not mean parallels are exact

• industrial revolution and bourgeoius revoluions of late 18th century changed world more

Athenian democracy was small scale, allowed votes only to

wealthy men of citizen status

• not to women, immigrants, slaves

Prisons in antiquity

temporary holding places for defendants awaiting trial or execution

Socrates was in prison bc

a religious holiday prevented his execution

Culleus

• one of most famous punishments from Ancient Rome

• parricide “a murderer of a parent of grandparent” is sewn into a leather sack with a dog, rooster, snake, and ape, then hurled into running water

• animals were not essential and could be substituted

Rhetorica ad Herennium

• anonymous source from around time of Cicero (1st century BCE)

• man named Malleolus convicted of matricide and executed in 103 BCE by means of sock, half century before Cicero’s time

Law on parricide

• encated in 55 bce

• limited use of sack

• parricdes more commonly ezecuted in arena, burned alive or given to beasts

Sack reintroduced in late empire by Christian emperors

as special penalty for particularly heinous crimes

Putting wooden soles on feet or paricide

• prevent him from running away

• prevent impure criminal from touching soil of Rome

Sack and drowning suggest religious ritual

as running water purifies

BC

Before Christ

AD

Anno Domini (in the Year of the Lord)

BCE

Before Common Era

CE

Common Era

There is no year

zero

so 1 CE comes right after 1 BCE

Century - 323 BCE is

4th century BCE

AD written

before the year

Neolithic Period (Stone)

6500-3000 BCE

Bronze Age

3000-1100 BCE

Dark Age

1100-750 BCE

Archaic Period

750-480 BCE

Classical Period

480-323 BCE

Hellenistic Period

323-30 BCE

Regal Period

753-509 BCE

Republican Period

509-27 BCE

Imperial Period

27 BCE - 284 CE

Later Roman Empire

284-476 CE

Francthi Cave

first inhabitants in Peloponnesus in Mainland Greece

• continuously inhabited from 20000 BCE to 3000 BCE

First evidence of agriculture and domestication of animals at Francthi

6,000 BCE

• people lived at Francthi for 15000 years before they developed sgriculture

Agriculture and domestication arrived in Greecde from

the Middle East

Agriculture developed independently three times in human history

• 8,000 BCE in southeast Anatolia (Turkey)

• 6,800 BCE in China

• 4,000 BCE in Mesoamerica

First half of bronze age dominated by

Minoan Civilization

Language of Minoans

• was not greek

• developed writing system called Linear A around 1,900 BCE

evidence of widespread destruction in mainland greece

• incursion of indo-european peoples

• ancient european and ancient indian langiages have lots in similarities

In Homer’s Illiad, Agamennmon in King of

Mycenae

Mycenaean language, culture, Gods are all early

Greek

Beginning in 15th century BCE, all Minoan centres destroyed by

fire

• including palace at Knossos

Written language changed from Linear A

to Linear B (kind of early Greek)

Wriitng systems called Linear A and Linear B bc

use the same characters, but use them to represent different langiages

Mycenaean civilizations ruled in Aegean until

1400 BCE to 1100 BCE

• trojan war happend

Archaeologists who excavated Hissarlik in Northwestern Turkey as 9 levels for Troy

• Frank Calvert

• heinrich Schliemann

• Wilheim Dorpfield

• Carl Blegen

Troy VI was particularly impressive but

was destoryed in earthquake around 1250 BCE

Blegen argued this was Troy of Homer’s Trojan War

Troy VIIa

• destroyed in invasion around 1150 BCE

Destruction around Mediterraenean

invasion of northern sea peoples

Legends about Trojan War start to form

during Dark ages (1100-750 BCE)

8th century BCE, 700’s BCE

great time of change in Greece

• end of Dark Age and beginning of Archaic Period

traditional date for first olympic games

776 BCE

wriitng in 8th century

reemerged totally different from Linear B

• early form of Greek alphabet still in use

Homeric epics written down during

8th century BCE

Formation of the polis in

8th century BCE

the polis system created

an aristocratic class that both competed with and cooperated to dominate other classes

Most important colonial sites were on

Sicily and in southern Italy

Phoenicians located in modern day

Israel and Syria

Most important Phoenician colony was

Carthage, in North Africa

Hoplite phalanx introduction peroid

Archaic Period (750-480)

Hoplite phalax helped create a class of ppl

who were wealthy enough to afford armor hoplites but not really elite

• had it buy it themselves or be condemed to be light-armed troops who were more likely to be injured

Formed governing class of democratic cities

upper middle class

Tyrants achieved their power by

appealing to the poorer classes and rousing sentiment against aristocrats

Emerging middle class in the poleis was made up of

men who were neither the landless poor nor the wealthy aristocrats

Solon reformed the Athenian government

594 BCE

• eliminated debt-slavery

• made political representation based on wealth rather than birth

• way for emerging middle class to take power in Athens

• democracy opposed to both tyranny and oligarchy

Kleisthenes further reformed government in direction of democracy

508 BC

Ionian Revolt

499 BCE

• greek cities revolted against Persia

• Athens sent aid to rebels

• defeated in 494 after 5 year war

Persian King Darius invaded Greece

defeated at Marathon in 490

Subsequent invasion by Xerxes

turned back at Thermoplyae, Artemisium, Salamis in 480

Platea in 479

End of Persian Wars mark end of

Archaic Period

5th century, following victory over Persians was

height of Greek civilization

Big names of 5th century Greece

3 great tragedians: Sophocles, Aeshcylus, Euripides

Comedian Aristophanes

Philospher Socrates

Politician Pericles

Historians Herodotus and Thucydides

Sculptor Phidias (made statues Athena Parthenos and Zeus of Olympia)

Peloponnesian War

against Sparta, 431-404 BCE

Hellenistic Period marked by

death of Alexander

323-30 BCE

Hellenic means

Greek

In the Hellenistic Period, Euheremerus theorized

that gods were really just exaggerations of important historical figures

In the Hellenistic Period, Apollonius of Rhodes wrote

Argonautica about Jason and the Argonauts

Rosetta Stone

comes from Hellenistic Egypt

• inscription of royal decree in Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphics, and demotic

Rome’s first interventions in Greek affairs

3rd century BCE

Rome conquers Greece in

second century