LECTURE - Lecture 2 + 3

Herbaceous plants

Plants that do not have extensive woody tissues and decompose rapidly after their life cycle.

Annual plants

Plants that live for a single growing season during which they germinate, grow, flower, and produce seeds.

Biennial plants

Plants that live for two years, vegetative in the first year and producing flowers/fruit/seeds in the second.

Perennial plants

Plants that live for three or more years and usually flower and fruit yearly once they reach sexual maturity.

Modified underground stems

Structures like rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs that allow perennial plants to survive from one year to the next.

Ephemeral plants

Plants that live for 2-6 weeks and can have multiple life cycles in a single year.

Meristems

Tissues responsible for plant growth and development, producing all other tissues.

Apical meristems

Meristems that generate growth in length, found at the tips of roots and shoots.

Lateral meristems

Meristems that generate growth in thickness and are always secondary meristems.

Xylem

The vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

Phloem

The vascular tissue that transports sugars and organic materials produced during photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Epidermis

The outer layer of cells in young organs of a plant that serves a protective role.

Secretory cells

Cells or tissues that produce various secretions with a wide range of functions in plants.

Totipotency

The ability of a single cell to divide, differentiate, and reproduce the entire organism.

Sclerenchyma

A type of tissue that provides mechanical support and resistance, often made of dead cells with thick lignified walls.

Collenchyma

A living mechanical tissue that provides support and flexibility, often found in young stems and leaves.

Parenchyma

The most common and abundant plant tissue, responsible for storage, photosynthesis, and various other roles.

Stomata

Tiny openings on the surface of leaves involved in gas exchange and transpiration.

Meristematic cells

The least differentiated cells in the body of a plant, responsible for growth.

Callus

A growing mass of cells resulting from the explant cells that divide mitotically in tissue culture.

Laticifers

Cells that secrete latex as a defense mechanism in response to injury.

Nectaries

Glands that produce nectar to attract pollinators.

Secretory trichomes

Glandular hairs that accumulate and secrete substances such as oils or toxins.

Resin ducts

Canals lined with secretory cells that release resins into the canal.

Fibers

Long, uniform cells that provide mechanical support and are used for textiles.