Zuku VTNE Pharmacy

Trimethoprim sulfa, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin

Which of the antimicrobial drugs listed below are safe to use in small mammals (e.g., rabbits, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters)?

Amoxicillin, erythromycin, trimethoprim sulfa

Trimethoprim sulfa, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin

Chloramphenicol, penicillin, tetracycline

Amoxicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline

Enrofloxacin, cephalexin, clindamycin

1 tablet

The vet prescribes a cat that weighs 5 kg antibiotics at a dosage of 0.2 mg/lb (0.44 mg/kg).

The medication is available only in 2 mg tablets.

How many tablets should the cat receive in a single dose?

1/2 tablet

1 1/2 tablets

2 tablets

1 tablet

1/4 tablet

Drops

What does the Latin abbreviation gtt indicate?

Pills

In the right eye

In the left ear

Drops

Apply to the skin

Pectoral muscle

What it the best location for intramuscular administration of medication in a bird?

Epaxial musculature

Pectoral muscle

Neck musculature

Semimembranosus muscle

IM injections are not given to birds

Chloramphenicol

Which drug is associated with aplastic anemia in humans?

Amikacin

Ciprofloxacin

Oxytetracycline

Ceftriaxone

Chloramphenicol

Estrogen

Which of these hormones is critical in relaxing and dilating the cervix for labor?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Estrogen

Prolactin

Inhibin

Progesterone

Appetite stimulant

What is the use of capromorelin in dogs?

Analgesic

Seizure prevention

Appetite stimulant

Parasiticide

Anti-diarrheal

Trademarked name

What is indicated by the ® symbol when seen as a superscript after a drug name?

Generic name

Controlled substance

Passed FDA approval process

Trademarked name

Manufactured in the USA

Drug distribution

Collies have a nonfunctional P-glycoprotein pump on the cellular membrane.

This affects what aspect of pharmacokinetics?

Clearance

It has no effect on pharmacokinetics

Drug distribution

Biotransformation

Mechanism of action

0.14 mLs

A rabbit presents with a severe psoroptic ear mite infestation.

How many milliliters of ivermectin does the rabbit need if the treatment is 300 µg/kg of a 1% ivermectin solution SC, and the rabbit weighs 10 lbs?

0.21 mLs

0.30 mLs

0.14 mLs

0.6 mLs

0.07 mLs

Clindamycin, lincomycin HCl

Which drugs are contraindicated in horses because of the increased potential to cause a severe, even fatal, colitis?

Trimethoprim sulfa, chloramphenicol

Penicillin, cephalosporin

Clindamycin, lincomycin HCl

Enrofloxacin, erythromycin

Ceftiofur, oxytetracycline

42 tablets

Dr. Smith selects gabapentin as a medication for a 12-year-old boxer dog with osteoarthritis, who is in chronic pain. The dose is 10 mg/kg PO twice daily.

The dog weighs 30 kg. Available gabapentin tablets are 100 mg/tablet.

How many tablets are required to treat this dog for one week?

14 tablets

96 tablets

42 tablets

28 tablets

21 tablets

Kidney

What is the major site of drug excretion in the body?

Heart

Gastrointestinal tract

Liver

Spleen

Kidney

Cats

Which animal is particularly susceptible to toxicosis secondary to ingestion of acetaminophen (Tylenol®) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen?

Rabbits

Dogs

Cats

Horses

Birds

Treatment of mites or ticks

What is the primary reason to use an acaricide in dogs and cats?

Removal of hairballs

Interference in the larval molt in trematodes

Deworming of nematodes

Flea prevention

Treatment of mites or ticks

Hepatopathy

Which situation would make a veterinarian less likely to use phenobarbital as a first-line anticonvulsant in a dog?

Renal disease

Young dog

Recent cerebrospinal fluid aspirate

Hepatopathy

Epilepsy

Cats require higher dietary protein than dogs

Which statement regarding feline and canine nutrition is most accurate?

Cats and dogs need a dietary source of taurine

Cats require higher dietary protein than dogs

Dogs and cats have the same nutritional requirements

It is safe to feed a canine diet to a cat

Feline diets contain more complex carbohydrates than canine diets

Bacterial

Antimicrobials are used to treat which types of infections?

Protozoan

Prion

Viral

Bacterial

Nematode

Time required for amount of drug to decrease by 50% in a patient

In regards to drug administration, what is a half-life?

Time required for amount of drug to decrease by 50% in a patient

How long it takes for the drug on the shelf to degrade to half the efficacy

Buildup of drug residues within the CSF

Clearance time of the drug through the kidneys

Measurement of the P450 enzyme system in the liver

Swelling, necrosis

What happens if you inject phenylbutazone intramuscularly (IM) in a horse?

Swelling, necrosis

Nothing, that's a normal route

Vomiting

Urticaria, wheals

Anaphylaxis

Cisplatin

Avoid which of the following chemotherapeutic agents in cats?

Chlorambucil

Vinblastine

Lomustine

Cyclophosphamide

Cisplatin

Phosphate binders decrease oral absorption of these antibiotics

The vet is managing chronic renal failure in a 16-year-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat using diet and phosphate binders. The cat now has a urinary tract infection sensitive to sulfonamides and tetracyclines. Which of the following is a concern?

Cats on renal diets are more likely to develop diarrhea

There are no approved formulations of these antibiotics for cats

Age slows drug metabolism so need less frequent dosing

Phosphate binders decrease oral absorption of these antibiotics

Doxycycline is nephrotoxic (i.e., damages the kidney)

Lincosamides

Clindamycin is in which family of antimicrobials?

Lincosamides

Penicillins

Macrolides

Aminoglycosides

Sulfonamides

Hepatic

While carprofen is known to cause adverse GI effects such as vomiting and diarrhea, it is also associated with an idiosyncratic toxicity to which system?

Pulmonary

Cardiovascular

Neurologic

Hepatic

Hematopoietic

Increases GI motility

What is a prokinetic drug?

Stimulates patient to ambulate more

Speeds up nerve transmission

Increases GI motility

Hastens onset of parturition

Induces vomiting

1 capsule

The vet has prescribed a 27-pound dog amoxicillin at a dose of 20 mg/kg PO b.i.d.

The medication is available in 250 mg capsules.

How many capsules should the owner give the dog in a single dose?

1/2 capsule

3 capsules

2 capsules

5 capsules

1 capsule

Regular

There are many available formulations of insulin. Which can be given both intravenously and intramuscularly?

Porcine

NPH/human recombinant

Regular

Glargine

Protamine zinc insulin recombinant

Levothyroxine

Which of the following might be used to encourage weight loss in a horse with equine metabolic syndrome?

Levothyroxine

Glargine

Capromorelin

Dexamethasone

Mitotane

Once a day, by mouth

A vet has prescribed a cockatoo 10 mg of amoxicillin, s.i.d. PO for 10 days.

How often does the bird get medicine each day? By what route?

Once a day, by mouth

Twice a day, under the skin

Three times a day, intravenous

Four times daily, in the eye

As needed, intramuscular

Used to treat Cushing's disease

Which one of the following statements about the use of steroids in horses is false?

Can cause immunosuppression

Used to treat Cushing's disease

Potent anti-inflammatory effects

Associated with laminitis

Oxytocin

Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to induce parturition in the mare?

Prolactin

Progesterone

Oxytocin

Prednisolone

Estrogen

Endoparasite

What type of infection is best treated by an anthelmintic medication?

Dermatologic inflammation

Bacterial

Viral

Fungal

Endoparasite

Vomiting, constipation, sedation, dysphoria

Which of the following choices most correctly lists the side effects of morphine in dogs?

Diarrhea, tachycardia, pruritis, hypertension

Salivation, mydriasis, hyperactivity

Seizures, euphoria, uticaria, bradycardia

Vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, respiratory depression

Vomiting, constipation, sedation, dysphoria

Bone marrow; gastrointestinal tract

Chemotherapy is effective against some tumors because it targets rapidly dividing cells. Side effects occur because these drugs also attack normal tissues with a high rate of cell turnover.

Which of the following tissues contain rapidly dividing cells under normal circumstances?

Bone marrow; gastrointestinal tract

Liver; lungs

Heart; cerebral cortex

Kidney; spleen

Adrenal glands; peripheral nervous system

Hyperthyroidism

Methimazole is one treatment option for which endocrine disorder?

Hypoadrenocorticism

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Diabetes insipidus

Hyperadrenocorticism

Intravenous

By which route can water-soluble hydrophilic drugs best reach effective therapeutic levels?

Oral

Topical

Intravenous

Transmucosal

Rectal

Hydromorphone

Naloxone is the reversal agent for which drug?

Hydromorphone

Diazepam

Xylazine

Dexmedetomidine

Ketamine

Vomiting and diarrhea

What are the most common side effects of antimicrobials across all classes of antimicrobial drugs in dogs and cats?

Increased appetite

Hypersalivation and miosis

Alopecia and pruritis

Vomiting and diarrhea

Bone marrow suppression

Choosing the antibacterial without culture and sensitivity results

What is empirical antibacterial therapy?

Using a course of antibacterial therapy that is longer than typically recommended

Concurrent administration of two types of antibacterial drugs

Prescribing antibacterial drugs without examining the animal

Administering the strongest antibacterial drug possible

Choosing the antibacterial without culture and sensitivity results

Prevent esophageal irritation

Why should the oral administration of some tablets to dogs or cats be followed by liquid administered via syringe or a meal?

Prevent esophageal irritation

Minimize oral ulceration

Decrease risk of tablet rejection

Improve the animal's experience

Alter the pH of the stomach

As needed

A vet has prescribed phenylbutazone 2.2 mg/kg PO PRN (but not more than once daily) for an older Quarterhorse with osteoarthritis of the pastern joint.

What does PRN mean?

Given as a paste

As needed

In the feed

Every other day

Topically

Increased drinking and urination

What is one of the most common short-term side effects associated with glucocorticoid (e.g., prednisone) administration in dogs?

Increased drinking and urination

Increased itching

Ataxia

Decreased appetite

Diabetes mellitus

CNS depression

Pentobarbital is the principal active ingredient in euthanasia solutions.

What is the mechanism of action for pentobarbital to cause death?

Cardiac arrest

Liver failure

Oxygen depletion

CNS depression

Severe, rapid drop in blood pressure

Renal disease with aminoglycosides

Which of the following is an example of a dose-dependent drug reaction?

Bone marrow suppression with phenylbutazone

Hepatopathy with carprofen

Arthropathy with potentiated sulfonamides

Renal disease with aminoglycosides

Facial excoriations with methimazole

Dose that kills half of patients

In regards to drugs, to what does the term LD50 refer?

Effects seen when drug given for 50 days

The volume that can be mixed with saline for administration

Dose that kills half of patients

The process of FDA approval for a new drug

Effective dosage in half the animals

10 ozs

A toy poodle is presented with chronic constipation.

The prescribed treatment for home use is lactulose.

If the dose is 5 cc BID, how many fluid ounces are needed for a 30-day supply?

In this case, a fluid ounce contains 30 cubic centimeters (ccs).

32 ozs

10 ozs

27 ozs

0.55 ozs

300 ozs

Extravasation can cause severe tissue damage

A ten-year-old male neutered Labrador retriever is receiving doxorubicin as part of a multidrug chemotherapy protocol for treatment of multicentric lymphoma.

Why is constant monitoring critical when administering this drug?

Dyspnea may occur secondary to pulmonary edema

Seizures are likely with rapid infusion

Allergic reactions are common after the first treatment

Changes in urination suggest renal damage

Extravasation can cause severe tissue damage

Loop of Henle

Furosemide is the most commonly used diuretic in veterinary medicine.

Where is its target site of action?

Cardiac muscle cells

Large colon

Small intestine

Glomerulus

Loop of Henle

L-thyroxine

What is the most common treatment for thyroid disease in dogs?

L-thyroxine

Surgical excision

Trilostane

Methimazole

Radioactive iodide

Decrease intestinal motility

By what mechanism do opiates like morphine and hydromorphone cause post-operative constipation?

Reduce intestinal secretion

Promote colonic sphincter tone

Stimulate segmental contractions

Increase intestinal inflammation

Decrease intestinal motility

Locked safe secured to concrete floor

How should a veterinary practice store controlled drugs?

Kept on the veterinarian or lead technician at all times

Refrigerated separately from antibiotics

In a desk drawer, signed out when used

Protected from humidity and light

Locked safe secured to concrete floor

Atropine

Which drug is similar in action to glycopyrrolate?

Phenylbutazone

Acepromazine

Phenoxybenzamine

Morphine

Atropine

Antagonist

Which term describes an agent or drug that blocks the action of endogenous mediators at a receptor site, resulting in decreased biologic response from that cell?

Antigen

Antibody

Antimicrobial

Anticholinergic

Antagonist

3-5 minutes

When administering ophthalmic medications, how long should you wait between different medications?

2-3 minutes

30-60 seconds

3-5 minutes

1-2 minutes

8-10 minutes

Pentobarbital

What is the major active ingredient in most IV euthanasia solutions in North America?

Propofol

Pentobarbital

Thiopental

Potassium chloride

Phenobarbital

Vitamin A

Which nutrient can cause toxicity if over-supplemented in the diet of a healthy cat?

Thiamine

Vitamin A

Short-chain fatty acids

Taurine

Protein

5 cm or more

How far cranially into the rectum should intrarectal medications be deposited in dogs and cats?

1 cm or less

5 cm or more

10 cm or more

2 cm or more

Medications should not be given intrarectally

Four times a day

The vet has prescribed 100 mg of amoxicillin, q.i.d. for 10 days to a cat. How often does the cat get medicine each day?

Three times a day

Once a day

Four times a day

As needed

Twice a day

Urethral sphincter incompetence

Phenylpropanolamine is typically used to treat which one of the following conditions?

Degenerative myelopathy

Urinary tract irritation

Urethral sphincter incompetence

Canine Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism)

Detrusor muscle atony

1333 mg

A 44-lb (20 kg) dog develops ventricular tachycardia after a splenectomy and requires an IV constant rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine. The CRI dosage of lidocaine is 50 mcg/kg/min.

How many milligrams of lidocaine need to be added to a 1000-ml bag of Lactated Ringer's Solution administered at a rate of 45 ml/hr?

1333 mg

222 mg

1767 mg

2933 mg

Cats

Sodium phosphate-containing enemas are specifically contraindicated in which group?

Dogs weighing more than 20 kg

Geriatric animals

Pot-belly pigs

Animals with megacolon

Cats

Acepromazine

Which drug would be most helpful in facilitating standing urethral catheterization in a gelding?

Ketamine

Acepromazine

Butorphanol

Hydromorphone

Glycopyrrolate

2x

As a rough guide, how does the intratracheal dosage of a drug compare with the IV dosage?

5x

0.5x

2x

The same

10x

Bexagliflozin

Which oral drug is FDA-approved for the treatment of uncomplicated diabetes mellitus in cats?

Glipizide

Mirtazapine

Capromorelin

Bexagliflozin

Prednisolone

49 ml and 0.01%

How much 5% dextrose solution must you add to 1 ml of 0.5% amphotericin solution to dilute it 1:50, and what is the final concentration of the amphotericin solution?

25 ml and 0.25%

49 ml and 0.01%

49 ml and 0.1%

50 ml and 0.1%

Disrupts gram-positive gut flora

Why are most oral antibiotics contraindicated in rabbits and hamsters?

Causes excessive vomiting

Disrupts gram-positive gut flora

Highly permeable blood-brain barrier

Highly sensitive to renal toxicity

Significant cardiovascular effects

Avoidance or cessation of drug once identified

Which of the following might be applicable to idiosyncratic drug reactions?

Dose reduction of drug

Avoidance or cessation of drug once identified

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Brief withdrawal from drug

Hypothyroidism

L-thyroxine (T4) is a common medication used to treat which endocrine condition in dogs and cats?

Hypothyroidism

Diabetes mellitus

Hypoadrenocorticism

Hyperadrenocorticism

Hyperthyroidism

Lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes

Which of the following is true about drug absorption?

Charged (or ionic) drugs more readily move into cells

Lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes

Absorption is promoted when the concentration of drug is higher inside the cell

Oral drugs are 100% bioavailable

Hydrophilic medications are easily absorbed after oral administration

Cow

Which animal is most sensitive to xylazine's effects?

Horse

Cow

Dog

Ferret

Cat

200ml

How much sterile water do you need to add to a 5 gram bottle of dextrose in order to yield a 2.5% solution?

25 ml

20 ml

200 ml

150 ml

100 ml

1125 mEq

You need to provide IV potassium supplementation in a hypokalemic horse (serum potassium, 2.2 mEq/L) weighing 450 kg. You remember that potassium should not be given at a rate over 0.5 mEq/kg/hour.

Which of the following is the absolute highest safe amount of KCl to add to 10 L of 0.9% NaCl for administration at a rate of 2L/hour to this horse?

450 mEq/L

Need more information

1125 mEq

2250 mEq

1 mEq/L

99 ml and 0.02%

How much 0.8% NaCl solution must you add to 1 ml of 2% amphotericin solution to dilute it 1:100, and what is the final concentration of the amphotericin solution?

99 ml and 0.02%

25 ml and 0.25%

50 ml and 0.1%

49 ml and 0.2%

Same volume

How much atipamezole is given to reverse the effects of dexmedetomidine, as compared to the original dexmedetomidine dose?

Half the volume

Twice the volume

1 ml/10 lb

1/10 of initial volume

Same volume

Hepatotoxicity

What is the primary adverse effect associated with the antifungal agent itraconazole in dogs and cats?

Teratogenicity

Hepatotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity

Pulmonary fibrosis

Lowers seizure threshold

Binds to prevent absorption

Activated charcoal is commonly given orally to dogs and cats after ingestion of toxins.

What is its mechanism of action?

Induces vomiting

Interferes with hepatic p450 enzyme system

Blocks bilirubin release into duodenum

Decreases gastric pH to prevent conversion into active form

Binds to prevent absorption

Bone marrow suppression

What adverse effect does azathioprine have on feline patients?

Bone marrow suppression

Renal toxicity

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Acute hepatic toxicity

Anorexia

None, these are not accepted for legal use in the U.S.

Under what conditions would a schedule I controlled substance (CI) be used?

Animals in moderate post-operative pain

None, these are not accepted for legal use in the U.S.

Severe, unrelenting pain

Cases of severe muscle wasting secondary to the use of corticosteroids

Surgical sedation or mild tranquilization

Hydromorphone

A dog with chronic liver disease requires treatment for an abscess secondary to a bite wound. The vet wants to anesthetize the dog, sample the abscess, drain and lavage it, then start a course of antibiotics. Which of the following drugs is safe to use in this dog as part of the protocol outlined above?

Hydromorphone

Diazepam

Metronidazole

Carprofen

Chloramphenicol

Do not stop abruptly, must taper

The vet advises a client to stop treatment with atenolol (a beta-blocker). What is the most important information to convey to the client about this medication change?

Uncommonly results in acute renal failure

Dog may be more hyperactive

Vomiting and diarrhea are common side effects

Do not stop abruptly, must taper

Will need to administer any other medication in the morning

Aminoglycosides

Which drug family is most associated with ototoxicity (i.e., ear damage)?

Cephalosporins

Sulfonamides

Tetracyclines

Penicillins

Aminoglycosides

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Which hormone has overall control of the estrous cycle?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Prolactin

Oxytocin

Testosterone

Progesterone

Pyrethrin

Which of the following topical insecticides is not safe for use in cats?

Indoxacarb

Imidacloprid

Dinotefuran

Nitenpyram

Pyrethrin

IV

What is the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency controlled schedule for the anesthetic drug alfaxalone?

V

I

II

III

IV

Bacteria and fungi

Against which organisms are antimicrobial medications effective?

Endo- and ectoparasites

Trematodes and platyhelminths

Yeasts and cryptosporidia

Viruses and prions

Bacteria and fungi

Aminoglycosides

Which drug family is most associated with nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) as an adverse effect?

Sulfonamides

Lincosamides

Aminoglycosides

Cephalosporins

Penicillins

Glycopyrrolate

Which drug is most similar in action to atropine?

Glycopyrrolate

Dantrolene

Etomidate

Docusate

Methotrexate

3-5 minutes

How long does it take for lidocaine to cause local anesthesia?

1 hours

30-60 minutes

15-20 minutes

3-5 minutes

Immediately

Pharmacodynamics

What is the term for a drug's biochemical and physiological effects on the body?

Homeostatic mechanism

Pharmacokinetics

Agonist activity

Receptor antagonism

Pharmacodynamics

2 mL

A 22-lb (10-kg) dog requires a 20 mg/kg dose of ampicillin.

A 500 mg vial of ampicillin is reconstituted with 5 mL of sterile water for injection.

What volume of ampicillin solution is the correct dose?

0.12 mL

5 mL

1 mL

2 mL

20 mL

Enrofloxacin

Which of the following is an example of an antibacterial drug?

Pyrantel

Enrofloxacin

Ivermectin

Chlorhexidine

Clotrimazole

Decrease edema

What is the goal of using diuretics in patients with congestive heart failure?

Decrease edema

Increase sodium levels

Raise blood pressure

Improve patient hydration

Strengthen cardiac contraction

Cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic drugs in small animals, used alone or in combination to treat a variety of carcinomas and sarcomas.

Like many antineoplastic agents, doxorubicin is myelosuppressive.

What additional toxicity is of particularly concern in dogs?

GI villus atrophy

Nephrotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity

Neurologic disturbance (seizures)

Cardiotoxicity

Liver

What is the major site of drug metabolism in the body?

Spleen

Brain

Kidney

Liver

Gastrointestinal tract

Amount administered equals amount eliminated

At what point does a drug attain steady state?

When patient has received half the full course prescribed

After two drug half-lives

Drug detoxification by the liver reaches 100%

Amount administered equals amount eliminated

Immediately after one IV dose, 30 min after IM dose, and 1 hour after oral dose

11.4 ml

How many milliliters (ml or cc) of 2.5% ampicillin should you inject intravenously for 25 lb dog, if the dose is 25 mg/kg?

1.14 ml

25 ml

22.8 ml

2.5 ml

11.4 ml

Cephalosporins; hypersensitivity

Which drug family/side effect combination is correct?

Quinolones; bone marrow suppression

Penicillins; hepatotoxicity

Chloramphenicol; articular damage

Aminoglycosides; allergic reactions

Cephalosporins; hypersensitivity

Formulate the medication through a compounding pharmacy

A patient requires ⅛ of a tablet of medication based on its weight. It is very difficult to accurately achieve this small increment.

Which choice is the best way to correctly dose this patient?

Determine the LD 50 and dose below this with the current medication

Dissolve the tablet in 1 ml of saline and dose accordingly

Formulate the medication through a compounding pharmacy

Have the technician pre-cut the tablet for the client and remove any pills not cut correctly

Prescribe a different medication

9

In a 1:10 solution of Betadine® to water, how many milliliters of water are there for each milliliter of Betadine®?

9

11

90

50

100

Potential for abuse or addiction by people

What determines if a drug is a controlled substance?

Country in which the medicine is produced

High cost associated with manufacturing

Type of patent the manufacturer holds

Potential for abuse or addiction by people

Number of similar drugs already out on the market