micro 11

Active immunizations are known as?

vaccines

Active immunization

administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response

What is a passive immunization known as?

antidote

Passive immunity

An individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

Edward Jenner

discovered process of vaccines showing that innoculating with vaccinia virus also known as cowpox virus protected against smallpox

Louis Pasteur

developed the first attenuated vaccine against smallpox

Do newborns get smallpox vaccines?

nope

What are some effects of immunization in reducing prevalence of disease?

many nations do not receive enough vaccines to treat their populations, effective vaccines haven’t developed for some pathogens, and perceived associated risks discourage investment in the development of new vaccines

Attenuated vaccines

these are live vaccines. Use pathogens that cause the disease with reduced virulence. Can result in mild infections. Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response, can provide long term immunity

what is an example of an attenuated and combination vaccine?

MMR

Inactivated vaccines

killed whole agent vaccines, subunit vaccines (both are safer than live vaccines). Antigenically weak because microbes don’t provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response. Often contain adjuvants which are chemicals added to increase effective antigenicity

What are pros and cons of attenuated vaccines

Only one injection is needed, the virus multiply rapidly, promoting a full-scale immune response with antibody production and a T cell response. But there is a minute risk of developing the disease

Pros and cons of inactivated vaccines

a killed virus cannot multiply, and the antibody response is limited. There is no risk of developing the disease, but 3 injections are needed.

Subunit vaccines

Use only parts of the microbe that stimulate the immune system well (the antigen). By containing only what is needed for an immune response. Causes fewer adverse reactions

Toxoid vaccines

with some bacterial diseases like diphtheria and tetanus, the problem is not the bacteria itself but the toxins they produce which enter and poison cells. Therefore, these vaccines contain inactivated toxins known as toxoids and stimulate antitoxin antibody productions. When a person is infected, those antibodies can block the toxins from getting into the cells. They require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants

Combination vaccines

Simultaneous and administration of antigens from several pathogens in a single shot

Recombinant vaccines

use recombinant gene therapy. Research attempts to make vaccines more effective, cheaper and safer

vaccine manufactures

mass producing many vaccines by growing microbes in culture, viruses are cultured inside chicken eggs, and individuals with egg allergies, must avoid some vaccines

problems associated with immunizations

mild toxicity (most common), risk of anaphylactic shock (allergy), residual virulence from attenuated viruses. Vaccine skepticism and misinformation allegations that certain vaccines cause autism, diabetes and asthma

Passive immunotherapy

Administration of antiserum containing performed antibodies, provides immediate protection against a recent infection and an ongoing disease.

What does the infection antiserum have?

they contain antibodies against many antigens which can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness. This happens when viral pathogens contaminate antisera and the antibodies of antisera are degraded quickly

Sereology

study of and diagnostic use of antigen antibody interactions in blood serum

Direct immune testing

looking for presence of antigen

Indirect immune testing

look for antibodies in blood that have formed against antigens

based of what are immune tests chosen on?

suspected diagnosis, cost and speed of getting results

Agglutination tests

happens due to cross linking of antibodies with particular antigens.

agglutination

clumping of insoluble particles, can easily be seen with the naked eye

precipitation

involves the aggregation of soluble molecules

hemagglutination

agglutination of RBCs, can be used to determine blood type, may use agglutination test to qualify antibody in a sample (observe in the lab)

Viral hemagglutination inhibition test

several viruses bind to proteins on the surface of the RBS, test based on viral hemagglutination (of RBCs). Individuals serum will stop viral hemagglutination if the serum contains antibodies against the specefic virus. It is commonly used to detect antibodies against influenza, measles, and mumps.

polyclonal

results of a humoral immune response commonly raised in immunized farm animals. Antibodies are present in serum. Recognizes many epitopes with varying specificity

Monoclonal

derived from immunized rodents using hybridoma technology, recognizes a single epitope, consistent specificity, can be humanized to become potentially therapeutic

`during monoclonal

force the issue use mouse tumor cells/B cells fuse them together so they end up with hybrid cell immortality

Labeled antibodies

Antibody molecules can be linked to a fluorescent marker, an enzyme, or colloidal metals, which allows them to be easily detected. Used to detect antigens or antibodies. Antibodys can be labeled with toxins to be used as magic bullets against pathogens or cancer cells.

use of florescent antibodies

used as labels to tag antibodies

what is fluorescein used as

a dye used in tests

ELISA

enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay; uses enzyme as the label, reaction of enzyme with its substrate. It produces a colored product indicating a positive result

Indirect ELISA

used to test for presence and abundance of specific antibodies is serum

Steps of indirect ELISA

1. antigen attaches to well

2. gelatin (protein) is added to block the uncoated surface

3. Patient serum is added; complementary antibody binds to the antigen (use anti human IgG)

4. Enzyme linked anti-antibody is added and binds to bound antibody

5. Enzymes substrate is added and reaction produces a visible color change

What is the difference between direct and indirect ELISA?

direct ELISA uses one enzyme linked antibody to detect an antigen. indirect ELISA uses a primary antibody, and an enzyme linked secondary antibody to detect the target.

What type of ELISA detects antibodies in a patients blood?

indirect ELISA

What type of ELISA detects an antigen?

Direct ELISA

Immunochromatography

rapid antigen test, and easy to read alternative to ELISA or hemagglutination. Antigen solution flows through a parous strip, where it encounters labeled antibody. Visible line produced when antigen antibody immune complexes encounter antibody against them.

Examples of immunochromatography

pregnancy tests to detect chorionic gonadotropin, rapid tests for viruses like RSV, Influenza or covid, rapid test for bacteria like group A streptococcus