Psych Midterm 2

Where is the body's primary biological clock located?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Which sleep stage is characterized by vivid dreaming and active brain waves while the skeletal muscles remain limp?

REM sleep

Marvin stops breathing for a few moments dozens of times during his night's sleep, though he is unaware of it. Which sleep disorder does Marvin have?

Sleep Apnea

Which theory of dreaming holds that dreams are the result of the cortex attempting to make sense of spontaneous neural firing initiated in the pons?

Activation-synthesis theory

What occurs when a drug user requires larger and larger doses of a psychoactive drug to achieve the same effect?

Tolerance

Psychoactive drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system (such as caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine) belong to which category?

Stimulants

Physical symptoms such as sweating, nausea, vomiting, and tremors experienced when a dependent person stops taking a drug are known as:

Withdrawal

Unspoken social rules that regulate human life, including implicit cultural conventions and explicit laws, are called:

Social norms

A social position in society that is governed by a set of norms for proper behavior is known as a:

Social role

The unfair treatment of individuals based on group membership (such as race or gender) rather than their individual merit is known as:

Discrimination

Domestic violence often begins with which type of subtle behavior before establishing a clear pattern of abuse?

Emotional abuse such as name-calling or controlling choices

The theory suggesting that men batter because they observed abusive behavior in their childhood home is known as:

Social learning theory

Which of the following is considered a situational factor explaining why a victim of domestic violence might stay with an abuser?

Economic dependence and lack of housing

The Tarasoff Law establishes that mental health professionals have a legal duty to:

Warn and protect identifiable third parties threatened by a patient

Which researcher identified universal facial expressions associated with basic human emotions?

Paul Ekman

Which theory of emotion states that an emotion-provoking event triggers physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion at the exact same time?

Cannon-Bard Theory

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what occurs first when encountering a dangerous situation?

Physiological bodily arousal

What are the three sequential phases of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) in response to stress?

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

Which hormone released during physical touch or supportive contact with a partner helps induce relaxation and reduce stress?

Oxytocin

What is the primary difference between physical drug dependence and psychological addiction?

Physical dependence involves physiological changes and tolerance/withdrawal, while psychological addiction involves a craving or emotional reliance to maintain well-being.

Which of the following drugs is correctly classified as a depressant?

Alcohol

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?

Amphetamines

What is the ultimate, long-term goal of effective drug addiction treatment programs?

Complete lifelong abstinence from the abused substance.

What are the short-term goals typically addressed in the initial stages of drug addiction treatment?

Stabilizing the patient physically, managing withdrawal safely, and motivating behavioral change.

What is considered a key principle of effective drug treatment programs?

Treatment needs to be readily available and address an individual's drug abuse problems along with associated medical, psychological, and social issues.

What is "Groupthink" in social psychology?

The tendency for people in a group to think alike and suppress dissenting opinions to maintain harmony, often leading to flawed decisions.

What is the "Bystander Effect"?

The finding that people are much more likely to help a stranger when they are completely alone than when other people are present.

What is "Conformity" in social psychology?

Changing one's behavior or beliefs in order to match those of other people or group standards.

According to historical and psychological theories of domestic violence, what was the early "Pathology Theory" regarding why men batter?

Men batter because they are mentally ill and can be "cured" with therapy and medication.

What does the "Power and Control Wheel" illustrate in the context of domestic violence?

A pattern of coercive and controlling tactics (such as economic abuse, isolation, and intimidation) used by an abuser to maintain power over a partner.

Which of the following represents an emotional factor explaining why a victim might stay in an abusive relationship?

Low self-esteem, intense guilt, loyalty, and false hope that the abuser will change

What is the main, evolutionary purpose of human emotions according to psychological science?

To motivate us to survive, help us evaluate situations, communicate intentions to others, and guide decision-making.

What occurs physiologically during the initial "fight-or-flight" response?

Stress hormones increase, heart rate speeds up, blood flow shifts to muscles, and digestion slows down.

What are the four major sources of stress identified in psychological research?

Environmental, Social, Physiological, and Cognitive.

In Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), what defines Phase 2: Resistance?

The body attempts to adapt to or cope with the ongoing stressor while physiological arousal remains high.