Wingerd HIS 1300 Exam 2

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

-"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

-French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

John Locke

-English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Hassan al-Kafrawi

-Born in early 18th century in the Ottoman Empire

-Educated in Sunni Islamic Law

-Scholar and jurist in the Ottoman Egyptian capital, Cairo

-Believed in conservative application of religious law

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

-Leader of the Saud family who viewed puritanical and fundamentalist religious views

-Founder of Wahhabi movement

The Social Contract

-A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

-An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Seven Years War

-Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.

-(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca

-Ottoman recognition of Russia as the protector of European and Middle Eastern Orthodox Christians

Wahhabism

-Conservative, puritanical sect of Islam started by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab in the 18th century; Quran the basis of life; anti-innovation because innovation is brought by outsiders; took refuge with the house of Saud; became the spiritual leader of the Kingdom with the Saudi family as temporal rulers

Thomas Paine

-American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

-Author of Common Sense

William III

-He was hesitant to come into England from the Netherlands and immediately take over the thrown but most of the British army took his side so it was easy to make James II flee.

-During his rule, he passed the Act of Toleration in 1689 which guaranteed religious tolerance to Protestants. stopped catholic rule.

-Placed more power towards the Parliament and stopped many of the illegal activities that James II was doing.

-Became co-monarch of England after the Glorious (Or Bloodless) Revolution.

James Chalmers

-Loyalist and member of Maryland's planter elite

-19th century missionary to New Guinea

George III

-English monarch at the time of the revolution.

-He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Glorious Revolution

-Overthrow of King James II of England

-A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Acts of Parliament

-Several acts were passed by the British parliament that upset the colonists including the stamp act and the tea tax.

-Laws passed by the legislature that become part of the constitution after they have gone through Royal Assent.

Benjamin Rush

-Father of American Psychiatry

-Patriot and doctor; signer of the Declaration of Independence and strong supporter of the Constitution.

Olaudah Equiano

-(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out

-Kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times

-He served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean

-From there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery

-He went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences

-His message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery

William Wilberforce

-British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Mary Wollstonecraft

-British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

-English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Marie Antoinette

-Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Louis XVI

-King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed.

-Him and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Zong Massacre

-Massacre of 133 slaves by crewmen of the slave ship Zong to collect insurance and save supplies

-In 1781, captain Collingwood overpacked his slave ship, the Zong, with 442 Africans to be sold in Jamaica. The crowded ship caused diseases among hundreds.

-Collingwood decided to throw sick Africans overboard to claim insurance money. The Zong massacre caught the attention of many in Britain and increased the call for abolition.

"The Interesting Narrative"

-Olauduh Equiano, 1789

-Fought for abolitionism of slavery, told his story

French Revolution

-The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

-He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general and took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean sea. In 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti.

-Led the slave rebellion after the first slave rebel was captured; led to Haitian independence.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

-Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Napolean Bonaparte

-1769-1821. French military and political leader. General during French Revolution, Ruler of France as First Consul of French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.

Alexander I

-Seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support at the Congress of Vienna he joined the conservative powers opposing liberal and national impulses.

-(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

George Washington

-1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Hatian Revolution

-The first and only successful revolution led by slaves, begins in full In 1789, France is "on fire" with new ideas of the Enlightenment that assert the "Rights of Man." But it is rooted in the French Revolution. The slave revolts begin on August 22, 1791.With over 100,000 slaves in

revolt. In three short weeks, the slaves burned

nearly every plantation and executed

many if not most of the French they

encountered.

Constitution of Haiti

-Written by Toussaint Louverture to declare independence

Congress of Vienna

-(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Continental System

-Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Battle of Austerlitz

-Battle between Austria, Russia, and France; the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II

-This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France

"Farewell Address"

-Washington: Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.

Treaty of Ghent

-December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Simon de Bolivar

-Venezuelan-born general called "the Liberator" for his assistance in helping Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela win independence from Spain.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

-Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

-President

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

-Leader a peasant revolt in Mexico, defeated by conservative Creoles and executed in 1811

-(1753-1811) Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican Independence War in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.

Vicente Guerrero

-Second president of Mexico, executed because he was convicted of treason. Ended Mexican slavery.

James K. Polk

-President in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into union.

Henery David Thoreau

-American philosopher who believed in civil disobedience (didn't pay his taxes)

Congress of Angostura

-(1819) Congress that declared Venezuelan independence after Simón Bolívar gave an opening address arguing for a strong central government with effective executive powers.

Monroe Doctrine

-1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported this. Mostly just a show of nationalism, it had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

-American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

-Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Texas Rebellion

-Conflict between Mexico and Anglo Texan settlers because they had brought in slaves, which Mexico had outlawed and abolished

-War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

Mexican-American War

-(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Civil Disobedience

-The refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

-A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Alexis de Tocqueville

-He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France.

-French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)

Lin Zexu

-19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War.

Victoria I

-British Queen, under whose rule the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement

Karl Marx

-1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

James Watt

-Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Eli Whitney

-United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

First Opium War

-1839-1842,

- fought between British East India Company and the Qing Dynasty

-The British illegally imported opium into China, therefore addicting people to the drug with the motive to have China open trading ports

-The war was fought from 1839-1842 and because of the better advancements in technology/ war items Britain won with ease as a result China opened 5 new trading posts.

Taiping Rebellion

-(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

-Mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

Boxer Uprising

-A group of Chinese formed a secret society called The Righteous Harmonious Fists, their goal was to drive out foreign devils who were polluting the land with non traditional [Chinese] ways.

Socialism

-A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Otto Van Bismarck

-Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in Northern Germany); wanted a greater, unified Germany (smaller Southern states to join Prussia; preferred "iron and blood" to diplomacy

Wilhelm II

-Kaiser of Germany during WWI

-Fires Bismark because he won't fight France; Believes that his military and army is the best and that his can beat other European powers; Won't renew peace treaty with Russia: Russia sides with France because of this; Becomes rivals with the British navy

Nikolai Danilevskii

-Leading Slavophil, book "Russia and Europe" agreed to natural clash between the "Germanic-Roman and Slavic cultural historical types"

Napoleon III

-Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

-16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

American Civil War

-Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

Franco-Prussian War

-Set up by Otto Von Bismarck, war was declared July 19, 1870. In January 1871, Palace of Versailles was captured and Wilhelm I was named Kaiser. This empire was called the Second Reich.

-(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Berlin Conference

-Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.

-A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Crimean War

-(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.

Slavophilism

-Idea that Russia should base its development on its own culture and history, rather than upon European or American culture or history

-Spread in Russia in the last years of Alexander I and after even though he'd been westernized. Application of the principle of Volksgeist. These same feelings had rejected the ideas of Peter the Great. Before 1848 these sentiments were still pretty embryonic. Would take a while to grown.

Tanzimat

-A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model