ARCH2701 (LECTURE 4) - Fertile Crescent – North Africa- Egyptian, Nubian

The Fertile Crescent is where settled ___ first emerged.

farming

The Egyptian cultures had not changed much

due to the protection of the deserts and the ___ ___. As a result certain elements in architecture remained constant for almost ___ years.

Red Sea, 3000

A ___ ancient Egyptian tomb. Flat roofed, rectangular structure w/ inward sloping sides, w/ inward sloping sides, built over burial space. made of mudbricks and limestone.

Mastaba

Part of the mastaba decor was the important ___ ___.

false door

__/15 doors are real in Funerary Complex and Step Pyramid of King __ ; 2750 BCE

one, Zoser

Stepped Pyramid of ___ ___ was created by ___, the first named architect.

King Zoser, Imhotep

Imhotep

First architect

The stepped Pyramid of King Zoser is basically five ____ -

one on top of the other, with each one getting

smaller as you near the top.

Mastabas

The Great Pyramids at Giza: ___ (Mykerinos), ___ (Chephren) and ___ (Cheops)

Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu

The pyramid of ___ still retains

the original ___ cover

which once covered the pyramids,

making them into towers of

gleaming white

Khafre, limestone

Linear Progression

important connotation of later Egyptian arch

When corbels

are used in succession from opposing

sides, you get a ___ ___,

predecessor of the true arch.

Corbel arch

Processional arch

linear composition

Hypostyle hall

hall with flat ceiling supported by multiple rows of close-set columns

Model reconstruction of ___ ___, Temple of Amun at Karnak, 1350-1205 BCE.

Hypostyle Hall,

A ___ is a high section of an

exterior wall that rises above adjacent

rooflines and contains a row of

windows placed above eye level

Clerestory

Egyptians pioneered various fanciful forms of columns, based on natural prototypes(many ___ ___ & motifs freely mixed in temple compounds, stylized ___ life)

natural forms, plant

Egyptian Columns are more of a kit-of-parts, not specific set of order defined/repeated across many building like later ___ & ___ column systems.

Greek, Roman

Notice that these ___-style pyramids are not equilateral,

but based on isosceles triangles.

Achieve height with less base and mass.

Nubian

Fertile Crescent is defined by what three main rivers?

Nile, Tigris, Euphrates.

The Great Pyramids at Giza, 2570-2500 BCE, Giza, Egypt

Pyramid of Cheops, Colossal Sphinx, Pyramid of Chephren, Pyramid of Mykerinos

The causeway of Khafre is an example of ___ ___.

Linear Progression

Mortuary Complexes of Mantuhotep II with Pyramid and Temple of Hatshepsut characterized the shift from the compact geometry of the ___ ___ pyramids to the linear composition of ___ architecture.

Old Kingdom, processional

Label Plan of the Temples at Karnak

Frontal(pylon), Frontal, Axial, Hypostyle hall, Cross-Axial

Temple of Amun at Karnak; Cross-section of Hypostyle Hall illustrating clerestory.

symmetry