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cin

Character input

Comment

A programmer-readable explanation in the source code of a computer program ( // single line, /**/ multiline)

Compiler

A program that generally transforms code written in a high-level language like C++ into a low-level language like machine code in order to create an executable program

cout

Character output

Dynamically typed

A type of programming language in which variables need not necessarily be defined before they are used, and can be changed during execution

Statically typed

A type of programming language in which variables must be defined before they are used and cannot change during execution

Header file

A library file that contains a variety of useful definitions, imported into any C++ program by using the pre-processor #include statement

#include

A statement that tells the pre-processor to treat the contents of a specified file as if they appear in the source program at the point where the directive appears

Interpreter

A program that directly executes statements in a scripting language without requiring them to have been compiled into machine language

Machine code

A computer program written in instructions that can be directly executed by a computer's CPU

Pointer

A variable that stores a memory address and can be used to directly access data stored at that memory location; a value that indicates a place in a computer's memory

Address-of

The operator used to access the address of a C++ variable (&)

Atomic data type

A basic data type that cannot be broken down into any simpler data elements

bool

Keyword for Boolean data type

char

Keyword for character data type that stores a single character

Dereference

To follow a pointer to its referenced memory location and read the data there

float

Keyword for floating point data type

double

Keyword for double-precision floating point data type

int

Keyword for integer data type

break

A statement that terminates the current block of code and resumes the program outside of it

case

A condition in a switch statement for a variable to be tested against

Conditional

A statement that tests whether a condition is true or false

Loop

A series of instructions repeated infinitely or until a condition is met

switch

A statement that tests a variable against possible conditions for it

Argument

The data passed to the parameter

const (immutable)

Keyword that makes a variable or value constant and unchanging; unable to be modified

Function

A section of code that performs a procedure and is usually named

Overloading

Specifying more than one definition that accepts data passed from an argument; defining a new meaning for an already existing operator; creating multiple functions with the same name but different implementations

Parameter

A variable in a function or method definition that accepts data passed from an argument

void

Keyword indicating a function has no return value

Array

A data structure consisting of an ordered collection of data elements of identical type in which each element can be identified by an index

Collection

A grouping of a number of data items that have some shared significance or need to be operated upon together

Hash table

A collection of key-value pairs with an associated hash function that maps the key to the associated value

non-const (mutable)

Able to be modified

Set

An unordered data structure consisting of unique, immutable data values

String

A sequential data structure consisting of zero or more characters

Vector

A sequence container storing data of a single type that is stored in a dynamically allocated array which can change in size

Word

A unit of data used by a particular processor design

c-string

An array of characters that ends with a terminating null character

Member function

A function that's associated with a certain type of object

Stream

An abstraction that allows you to send or receive an unknown number of bytes in input or output

End-Of-File (eof)

A flag at the end of a file to let programs know when to stop reading

Exception

A response to an unusual circumstance while a program is running

Logic error

An error in which the program/code functions, but performs incorrectly

Runtime error

An error that occurs when a program runs

Syntax error

An error in the structure of a statement or expression of code

Undo queue

A queue of actions the turtle has previously taken

Abstract data type (ADT)

A mathematical model for data

Abstraction

Focusing on desired behaviors and properties while disregarding what is irrelevant or unimportant; representing data without revealing the details

Access keywords

Keywords such as ''public'', private'', and ''protected'' that indicate what class properties/behaviors a user can change

Algorithm

A set of instructions or rules given to complete a task

AND

A logic gate in which both inputs must be true

Base class

A class from which other classes are derived

Class

A template for creating (instantiating) objects, for providing initial values for state via member variables, and for implementations of behavior via member functions or methods

Class methods

The functions and methods that belong to a class that describe what the class can do

Data structure

The organization of data that allows for improved search, storage, and sorting capability

Derived class

A class created or derived from another existing class

Encapsulation

Hiding the contents of a class except when absolutely necessary

Friend

An operator or function that is defined outside of a class' scope but can access the private data members of a class

HAS-A relationship

A relationship where one object "belongs to" another object, and behaves according to rules of ownership; the object contains instances of another class

Interface

A shared boundary in which two or more components of a computer system exchange information

NOT

An inverter gate, used to negate input

Object

A variable, data structure, function, or a method, that can be referenced by an identifier

OR

A basic gate. If either input is true, the output is also. If inputs are false, so is the output

Pass by reference

To pass an object to a function by referencing its location in memory

Pass by value

To pass an object to a function by copying its value

Polymorphism

The ability to process objects or methods differently depending on their data type, class, number of arguments, etc.

Superclass

A class that has been extended by another existing class

Average case

When an algorithm performs between its worst and best case given a certain data set or circumstance

Best case

When an algorithm performs especially good given a certain data set or circumstance

Brute force

A technique that tries to exhaust all possibilities of a problem

contains

A hash operation used to check if a table contains a specific element

Contiguous

Adjacent or next to

Dynamic size

Able to change size automatically

get_item

A hash operation used to retrieve the information associated with a hash key

Logarithmic

Functions that are the inverse of exponential functions usually presented as f(n) = logn

Order of magnitude (Big-O Notation)

Function describing the part T(n) that increases the fastest as the value of n increases (a function describing an algorithm's steps as the size of the problem increases)

Quadratic

Function describing a relationship who's highest order is a number squared; f(n) = x^2

set_item

A hash operation used to add an item to your table

Worst case

Refers to when an algorithm performs especially poorly given a certain data set or circumstance

Linear data structure

A data structure wherein each element but the first and last has a unique predecessor and successor; the positions are relative to each other

Stack (push-down stack)

An ordered collection of items where the addition of new items and the removal of existing items always takes place at the same end

Infix

A type of notation where the operator is in between the two operants that it is working on

Prefix

A type of notation where the operator precedes the two operands that is it working on

Postfix

A type of notation where the operator comes after the two operands that is it working on

Queue

An ordered collection of items where the addition of new items happens at one end and the removal of existing items occurs at the other end

Deque

An ordered collection of items with two ends and the items remain positioned in the collection; new items can be added at either the front or the rear

First-In First-Out (FIFO)

Ordering principle in which the first item added is also the first removed

Last-In First Out (LIFO)

Ordering principle in which the last item added is also the first removed

Simulation

An imitation of a process or operation

Linked data structure

A data structure which consists of a set of data structures called nodes which are linked together and organized by links created via references or pointers

Linked list

A linear data structure, where order of elements is not determined by the placement in memory, but by being stored in nodes which point to the next nodes

Node

The basic building block for the linked list implementation; holds at least two pieces of information (list item and reference)

Data field

The field of a node which contains the list item itself

Unordered linked list

A linked list whose elements are not in an order

Linked list traversal

The process of systematically visiting each node in a linked list

Ordered list

A list whose elements are ordered

Forward list

Sequence containers in the STL that allow you to do constant time insert and delete operations

List (STL)

Sequence container which holds a link to the previous element and the next element