Goniometry, Arthrokinematics, and Capsular Patterns Reference

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering normal ranges of motion, goniometer alignments, arthrokinematics, end feels, and capsular patterns across the cervical spine, shoulder, thoracolumbar spine, elbow, wrist/hand, hip, knee, and foot/ankle.

Cervical Spine Capsular Pattern

Lateral Flexion and Rotation equally limited, Extension less limited.

Atlanto-Occipital Joint Arthrokinematics (Cervical Flexion)

Anterior Roll, Posterior Glide at the atlanto-occipital joint (normal range of motion: $50^\circ$).

Atlanto-Occipital Joint Arthrokinematics (Cervical Extension)

Posterior Roll, Anterior Glide at the atlanto-occipital joint (normal range of motion: $60^\circ$).

Cervical Spine Rotation (Goniometric Measurement)

Measurement with a normal value of $80^\circ$, using the center of the C1 body (aligned with mastoid processes) over the top of the head as the fulcrum, and arms aligned with the tip of the nose and the acromion.

Shoulder Capsular Pattern

External Rotation (EROT) > Abduction > Internal Rotation (IROT).

Shoulder Flexion (Goniometric Alignment)

Sagittal plane movement (normal value: $180^\circ$) measured with the fulcrum at the lateral acromion, and arms aligned with the humerus and thoracic midline.

Shoulder Abduction (Arthrokinematics)

Superior Roll, Inferior Glide occurring in the frontal plane around an anterior/posterior axis (normal value: $180^\circ$).

Glenohumeral Internal & External Rotation (Arthrokinematics)

Spin at the glenohumeral joint when positioned in $90^\circ$ of abduction.

Distraction Method (Thoracolumbar Flexion)

Measurement using a tape measure from C7 to S2 with a normal value of 4 inches, during which the patient's pelvis is stabilized to prevent lateral tilting.

Modified-Modified Schober Procedure

Lumbar flexion measurement obtained by marking $15\,\text{cm}$ superior to S2 and using a tape measure to assess the distance at baseline and during flexion.

Thoracolumbar Spine Capsular Pattern

Thoracic spine: Extension, lateral flexion, and rotation > forward flexion; Lumbar spine: lateral flexion > flexion & extension.

Elbow Capsular Pattern

Flexion more limited than extension.

Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Joints (Elbow Flexion Arthrokinematics)

Humeroulnar Joint: Anterior Roll, Anterior Glide (of ulna on humerus); Humeroradial Joint: Anterior Roll, Anterior Glide (of radius on humerus). Normal value is $150^\circ$.

Radioulnar Joint Supination (Arthrokinematics)

Superior Radioulnar: Anterior Roll, Posterior Glide; Inferior Radioulnar (at wrist): Anterior Roll, Anterior Glide; Humeroradial: Spin (normal value: $80^\circ$).

Radioulnar Joint Pronation (Arthrokinematics)

Superior Radioulnar: Posterior Roll, Anterior Glide; Inferior Radioulnar (at wrist): Posterior Roll, Posterior Glide; Humeroradial: Spin (normal value: $80^\circ$).

Wrist Flexion (Goniometric Alignment & Arthrokinematics)

Normal value of $80^\circ$, measured with the fulcrum at the triquetrum and arms aligned with the olecranon and base of the 5th metacarpal; arthrokinematic motion is volar roll, dorsal glide.

Wrist Extension (Goniometric Alignment & Arthrokinematics)

Normal value of $70^\circ$, measured with the fulcrum at the triquetrum and arms aligned with the olecranon and base of the 5th metacarpal; arthrokinematic motion is dorsal roll, volar glide.

Wrist Radial Deviation (Arthrokinematics)

Radial roll, ulnar glide (normal value: $20^\circ$, fulcrum at the capitate).

Wrist Ulnar Deviation (Arthrokinematics)

Ulnar roll, radial glide (normal value: $30^\circ$, fulcrum at the capitate).

Hip Joint Capsular Pattern

Internal Rotation (IR), Flexion, Abduction.

Hip Abduction (Arthrokinematics)

Superior Roll, Inferior Glide occurring in the frontal plane around an anterior/posterior axis (normal value: $45^\circ$, fulcrum at ASIS).

Hip Adduction (Arthrokinematics)

Inferior Roll, Superior Glide occurring in the frontal plane around an anterior/posterior axis (normal value: $30^\circ$, fulcrum at ASIS).

Hip External Rotation (Arthrokinematics)

Posterior Roll, Anterior Glide occurring in the transverse plane around a superior/inferior axis (normal value: $45^\circ$, fulcrum at patella).

Hip Internal Rotation (Arthrokinematics)

Anterior Roll, Posterior Glide occurring in the transverse plane around a superior/inferior axis (normal value: $45^\circ$, fulcrum at patella).

Knee Open Kinetic Chain Arthrokinematics

Tibia moving on a fixed femur: Flexion is Posterior Roll, Posterior Glide; Extension is Anterior Roll, Anterior Glide.

Knee Closed Kinetic Chain Arthrokinematics

Femur moving on a fixed tibia: Flexion is Posterior Roll, Anterior Glide; Extension is Anterior Roll, Posterior Glide.

Talocrural Joint Capsular Pattern

Plantarflexion > Dorsiflexion.

Ankle Dorsiflexion (Arthrokinematics)

Open Kinetic Chain: Anterior Roll, Posterior Glide; Closed Kinetic Chain: Anterior Roll, Anterior Glide (normal value: $20^\circ$).

Ankle Plantarflexion (Arthrokinematics)

Open Kinetic Chain: Posterior Roll, Anterior Glide; Closed Kinetic Chain: Posterior Roll, Posterior Glide (normal value: $50^\circ$).

Subtalar Joint Capsular Pattern

Limitation of varus movements (calcaneal inversion).

Calcaneal Inversion (Goniometric Alignment & ROM)

Normal value of $30^\circ$, measured with the fulcrum at the posterior ankle between the two malleoli, and arms along the midline of the calf and midline of the calcaneus.

Calcaneal Eversion (Goniometric Alignment & ROM)

Normal value of $20^\circ$, measured with the fulcrum at the posterior ankle between the two malleoli, and arms along the midline of the calf and midline of the calcaneus.