ANTH 3280 Unit 2

The study of populations is known as what?

Demography

T/F: We have reached the maximum lifespan for humans so life expectancy is expected to decrease in upcoming decades.

False

What is NOT true about weaning?

It is too varied globally to say anything concrete about it.

What is the main reason we see an increase in life expectancy at birth in agriculture societies compared to hunter/gatherer societies?

A decrease in infant and childhood mortality.

What is the replacement fertility level today?

2.1

What do we estimate was the replacement fertility level in prehistory?

4-5

Are inter birth intervals shorter or longer today than they were in history/prehistory?

Shorter

What do we call the study of populations from ancient societies?

Paleodemography

Why did fertility rates increase with the transition to agriculture?

An increase in food and more predictable food.

On a global scale, we dropped below replacement fertility around _____.

1970

What factors have caused a consistent decline in total fertility rate?

Access to birth control, inter birth intervals, shifts in breastfeeding behavior, female economic independence, and uncertain economy.

Where is the cause of death among adults shifting?

From infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases

What is demographic transition?

Model of the shift in human populations from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

What is replacement level fertility?

The fertility rate required to maintain population.

What is menarche?

The first menstrual cycle, decreasing

What is menopause?

The ceasing of menstruation

What is PRLS?

Post Reproductive Lifespan

What is preservation bias?

Not all things are equally likely to preserve due to different factors.

What is inter birth interval?

The time between two consecutive births.

What is inter pregnancy interval?

Time between the birth of one child and conception of the next.

What impacts the composition of a population?

Sex ratio and age

What is relative frequency or proportion?

A count of occurrences out of the total.

What is AMH?

Anatomically modern humans

What is phenotype?

The set of observable characteristics of an individual.

What is genotype?

The set of an individual's genes

What is a gene?

Individual factors that determine phenotype.

What is an allele?

Different forms that genes can come in.

What is evolution?

The cumulative change in the frequency of alleles over many generations.

What is gene flow/migration?

The movement of genetic material within a population and among diverse populations.

What is genetic drift?

The process where one segment of a population is removed from the larger gene pool, therefore limiting the flow of genetic material between the two groups.

What is natural selection?

Only the most "fit" organisms will survive competition for limited resources and reproduce to form the next generation.

What is mutation?

A deviation from the standard DNA code.

What is the genetic evidence of the earliest migrations of AMHs?

Mitochondrial DNA that all people share, originating in Africa.

What where the main reasons people migrated?

Food and population pressures.

What allowed some groups to successfully edge out other groups?

Technology

What does migration impact?

Movement of people, culture, genetics, and linguistics.

What is the virgin soil epidemic?

People who have never experienced a certain disease before are more affected by the disease.

What is people migrating to a new location an example of?

Gene flow

What is the gradual lengthening of a giraffe's neck so that they can access food an example of?

Natural selection

What is the appearance of the gene for lactase persistence an example of?

Mutation

What is deforestation resulting in a population splitting into 2 populations that cannot reach each other an example of?

Genetic drift

What are the four reasons people migrate?

Economic opportunities, force, disagreeing with political climate, and changing environment

What are the three ways that we can learn about prehistoric migrations?

Linguistics, genetics, and the spread of technology

Scientists estimate that approximately what percent of Indigenous People in the New World were killed when Europeans arrived?

90%