Mid Quarter One HBIo

Not every single thing, but flashcards on chapters through 2. 14

What are the characteristics of life (acronym)?

RAREHOGD

“R”AREHOGD

Reproduction

R“A”REHOGD

Adaptation & Evolution

RA“R”EHOGD

Response to stimuli

RAR“E”HOGD

Energy (ATP, life needs this)

RARE“H”OGD

Homeostasis (the ability to internally regulate)

RAREH“O”GD

Organisation of cells

RAREHO“G”D

Growth & Development

RAREHOG“D”

DNA

What are the domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Bacteria traits…

single-celled

lots of varieties

very common- they’re everywhere

Archaea traits…

good in extreme conditions

single-celled

oldest

Eukarya traits…

multi-cellular

more categories:

-protists

-plantae

-fungi

-animalia

Protist traits…

mostly single-celled

contains more kingdoms, very general

Plantae traits…

plants

key- they use photosynthesis

Fungi traits…

decomposes stuff

Animalia traits…

people, animals, etc.

get food by eating other organisms (not photosynthesis)

Biological hierarchy steps are…

Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organs & Organ Systems, Tissue, Cell, Organelle, Molecule

Biosphere

Everywhere life is

Ecosystem

Everything in an ecosystem

Animals, plants, rocks like everything that interacts

Community

All the organisms in an ecosystem

Population

All the organisms of a specific species in a community

Organism

A single living thing

Organs & Organ Systems

Body parts that perform a function for an organism

Tissues

A group of similar cells doing a task (these make up organs)

Cells

The key part of every living thing

Organelles

A structure within a cell (enclosed in a membrane)

Molecules

2 or more atoms

What is science?

Science is an approach to understanding the world around us

Quantative data

Data based on numbers

Frequency, duration, etc.

Qualitative data

Data based on physical characteristics

Red, blue, big, etc.

Hypothesis

An educated prediction scientists create based on observations they’ve made.

How do you test a hypothesis?

Experimentation or further observation.

When does a hypothesis become a theory?

A hypothesis tested so many times by so many scientists that it is considered ‘proven’.

What is an experiment?

An experiment is a test run to ‘prove’ a hypothesis. In these, a scientist collects and analyses data to make a point.

Control

The part of an experiment that remains unchanged from the beginning.

Constants

The things that stay the same across the entire sample size of an experiment.

Variable

The thing (only one for a controlled experiment) that changes across the sample size of an experiment.

Dependent variable

What changes based on the changes in the independent variable of the experiment.

Independent variable

What you change between subjects to an experiment.

What are clinical trials?

Experiments on humans about medicine and such. (Ethics can come into question because of this)

What is the scientific method?

The scientific method is a six step process that helps us ask and answer scientific questions.

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Make an observation/ ask a question

Why is something happening? What do your senses tell you?

What is the second step in the scientific method?

Make a hypothesis

If, then

What is the third step in the scientific method?

Design & conduct an experiment

What is the fourth step in the scientific method?

Collect data (includes graphing)

What is the fifth step in the scientific method?

Report you results

What were the results?

What is the sixth step in the scientific method?

Draw conclusions

Why did the results happen?

What is a controlled experiment?

An experiment where only one variable is tested/changed

Keep everything the same between your control and your experiment except one variable

Types of graphs:

Line, Bar, and Pie

Line graphs:

Changes over time, etc.

Bar graphs:

Compare data sets

Pie chart/graph:

How parts are related to the whole

Phototropism:

Plants trying to learn towards sunlight

How do you write a graph title?

Dependent vs. Independent (think: D vs. I like Declaration of Independence)

Do graphs need to be to scale?

YES ALWAYS OR ELSE

Should the y-axis be the dependent or independent variable?

Dependent

Always label you axes & remember your units

Just a reminder

What is matter?

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

What is an element?

The smallest substance that can be found. It is not made of any other substances.

What is a compound?

Any substance made up of multiple elements combined.

What elements are key to life?

CHNOPC

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, and Calcium

Why are trace elements important?

A deficiency or excess of trace elements can cause health problems.

(name examples to practice)

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of matter.

What is a subatomic particle?

Protons, neutrons, electrons (+ more unimportant ones)

What is an atomic number?

The number of protons in an element

What is a mass number?

The number of protons added to the number of neutrons.

What is an isotope?

An element with extra neutrons from it’s usual state.

What is a radioactive isotope?

When an element has so many extra/so few less neutrons that it become unstable.

Come up good on medical scans, etc.

Which subatomic particle operates in reaction?

Electrons

What are electron shells?

The area inside an atom where electrons live.

What are orbitals?

The area inside an electron shell where electrons actually live.

What are chemical bonds?

When atoms stay next to each other because their electrons are interacting.

What are covalent bonds?

Bonds where two atoms share electrons (fight over them)

What are ionic bonds?

Bonds where one atom donates an electron to another.

What is electronegativity?

The measure of attraction between two atoms.

When the same- non-polar bond

When strongly different- polar bond

Why are polar bonds special?

Polar bonds give one side of an atom a slightly negative and the other side a slightly positive charge.

What are hydrogen bonds?

When hydrogen is attached to water via polar bonds, the hydrogen forms a positive charge and the oxygen gets a negative charge. This allows hydrogen to form weak attractions to other molecules.

What are reactants?

The things that go into a chemical reaction.

What are products?

The things that come out of a chemical reaction.

What is cohesion?

Molecules sticking to other soft the same molecule

What is adhesion?

Water to other molecules attraction

What is thermal energy?

Energy from movement of atoms and molecules

When thermal energy goes from warm to cold, it is heat

The average speed of molecules in a substance is it’s temperature

Why is water difficult to heat?

To raise water temp hydrogen bonds must break before the speed of the molecule movement increases

What is a solution?

A liquid made up of one substance dissolved in another

What is a solvent?

Dissolving agent (ex: water)