Acadec 2026-2027 ART - Section 5 (Revised)
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384 Terms
What years saw new forms of transportation spread?
1830s to 1930s
What did Impressionism and Cubism break down?
Traditional representations of space and volume
What visual elements did Impressionism and Cubism focus on?
Color, brushstroke, and shape
What is abstraction?
Simplification of visually recognizable forms
What drove artistic developments in the 19th and early 20th centuries?
Abstraction
When did large-scale railway networks begin?
1830s
When was the automobile invented?
1880s
When was the airplane invented?
1900s
What were the main forms of travel before the 1830s?
Horse-drawn and water-borne travel
What did new transportation offer besides speed?
New ways of seeing
What did modern artists use abstraction to represent?
Experience of riding in trains, cars, airplanes
What art movement is Claude Monet almost synonymous with?
Impressionism
Where and when was Claude Monet born?
Paris, 1840
Where did Claude Monet grow up?
Le Havre
What is Le Havre?
Important port in Normandy
What was Claude Monet's father's job?
Grocer
Where did Monet do brief military service?
French colony of Algeria
When did Monet go to Paris to study art?
1862
Who did Monet study under in Paris?
Academic painter Charles Gleyre
What did the Academic faction privilege?
Linear perspective, sharp focus, high finish
What did younger painters in 1850s-60s Paris do?
Mounted alternative exhibitions
Who was Monet first allied with?
The traditionalists
Where did Monet first show his landscapes?
The Salon
What is the Salon?
State-sponsored art exhibition
Which years did Monet show at the Salon?
1865, 1866, and 1868
Which painters did Monet meet in the late 1860s?
Alfred Sisley and Pierre-Auguste Renoir
What did meeting Sisley and Renoir push Monet toward?
More abstract landscape representations
What did Monet's new works stress?
Spontaneity, saturated unmixed colors, brushwork
What did Monet focus on over naturalism?
Brushwork and experimental techniques
What is en plein air?
Painting outdoors
What new supply made plein air painting easier?
Oil paint in pre-filled metal tubes
How were Impressionists seen in their own time?
Upstart radicals
Which English group were Impressionists compared to?
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
When did Impressionists' challenge to Academic painting begin?
1874
Who formed the "société anonyme" in 1874?
Monet, Caillebotte, Degas, and others
What is a société anonyme?
French legal term for stockholder-owned corporation
Whose work was in the first Impressionist exhibition?
Artists rejected by the official Salon
Which Monet work was in the first exhibition?
Impression, Sunrise
Who dubbed the group "Impressionists"?
Art critic Louis Leroy
What did Impressionists share a rejection of?
Detailed, highly finished Academic naturalism
Which other painting style did Impressionists reject?
Orientalist paintings
What did Impressionists focus on to create "impressions"?
Brushwork and color
What were typical Impressionist subjects?
Landscapes, middle-class leisure, changing Paris
Which revolutions preceded Paris's urban renewal?
1789, 1814, 1830, and 1848
What did Paris's urban renewal include?
Wider streets, parks, gardens, iconic buildings
When was the Printemps department store built?
1865
When was the Opéra built?
1875
What culture did new Paris buildings contribute to?
Leisure, consumption, and entertainment
How many new railroad stations were built through 1900?
Seven
What was the first new Paris railroad station?
Gare Saint-Lazare
When did Gare Saint-Lazare's original location date from?
1835
How far was Saint-Lazare from the shopping district?
Ten-minute walk
What did Saint-Lazare connect Paris to first?
Suburbs to the northwest
What region did Saint-Lazare later connect to?
Normandy
Where were Saint-Lazare's first tracks hidden?
In tunnels under a plaza
When was Saint-Lazare's approach redeveloped?
1853
What bridge did the redevelopment require?
Pont de l'Europe
Why was the Pont de l'Europe built?
Let pedestrians cross
What did the bridge and station symbolize?
New, evolving Paris
What materials made up the train hall roof?
Iron and glass
What did the train hall's architecture emblemize?
France's modernity
Who made the satirical series On the Train?
Honoré Daumier
What was Daumier's job?
Printmaker
Which periodical published Daumier's cartoons?
Le Charivari
When were Daumier's train prints released stand-alone?
1864
Who painted The Railway in 1873?
Édouard Manet
What does Manet's The Railway show?
Governess and child by steamy train line
Who painted Le Pont de l'Europe?
Gustave Caillebotte
When was Le Pont de l'Europe painted?
1876
Who was Monet's close friend and fellow Impressionist?
Gustave Caillebotte
How many Gare Saint-Lazare paintings did Monet make?
At least a dozen
What was Monet's Saint-Lazare focus?
Industrial architecture with light, weather, atmosphere
Where was Monet's home from 1871 to 1877?
Argenteuil
What is Argenteuil?
Northwestern suburb on the Saint-Lazare line
What did Monet's Argenteuil works show?
Family enjoying flowers and fresh air
What was Argenteuil becoming in the 1870s?
Suburban village, neither city nor country
What did Monet's work gravitate toward in the 1870s?
Urban-industrial themes
When did Monet rent a studio near Saint-Lazare?
1877
How many Saint-Lazare scenes did Monet paint in 1877?
Twelve
What did Monet need to work inside the station?
Special permission
Where did most Saint-Lazare scenes look toward?
Pont de l'Europe and the city
Which tracks does Arrival of the Normandy Train show?
Oldest set in the station
Where has the locomotive stopped in the painting?
At a buffer inside the train hall
What is Arrival of the Normandy Train's color scheme?
Rather monochrome
What color is the painting's foreground?
Pale greenish-brown
How much of the painting is foreground?
About a quarter
What colors is the rest of the painting?
Black to bluish gray
What do Monet's varied brushmarks evoke?
Quickly moving steam from the locomotive
Which brushmarks does Monet use for steam?
Feathery strokes, blotches, quick scribbles
What weather is shown in Arrival of the Normandy Train?
Overcast day
What does the steam do to architecture and people?
Dematerializes them into brushy impressions
What did Monet focus on across the series?
Station architecture and steam equally
Which details stress the station's modernity?
Cast iron pillars and glass roof panes
Which other museums hold Saint-Lazare paintings?
Fogg Museum and Musée d'Orsay
What did Monet's notebooks contain?
Extensive sketches of station and neighborhood
How many Saint-Lazare paintings were in the 1877 exhibition?
Seven
Which Impressionist exhibition showed Monet's Saint-Lazare works?
Third, 1877
What was shown alongside Monet's works in 1877?
Caillebotte's Le Pont de l'Europe
Which novelist praised Monet's train station views?
Émile Zola
What did Zola say artists must find in train stations?
The poetry