a&p midterm 2: Anatomy of Articulation and Resonance

Vocal Tract

filter for speech and singing and consists of nasal passages, oral cavity, & larynx

Articulation

Process of joining/moving 2 elements together

Mobile articulators

Mandible, lower teeth, lips, tongue, velum, and VFs

immobile articulators

Maxillae, upper teeth, hard palate, and alveolar ridge

Cavities of vocal tract

laryngeal, pharyngeal, oral, nasal, buccal,

Occlusion

Process of bringing upper and lower teeth into alignment

Class 1 occlusion

Normal orientation of mandible and maxillae (needed for mastication & articulation)

Class 2 malocclusion

relatively retracted mandible

Class 3 malocclusion

relatively advanced mandible

Overbite

Vertical misalignment. How far your upper front teeth vertically overlap your lower front teeth when your jaw is close

Overjet

Horizontal misalignment. How far your upper front teeth horizontally protrude or stick out forward past your lower front teeth.

Sinuses

Air-filled cavities that produce mucus and are lined with respiratory epithelial cells

Frontal sinus

In lower forehead, doesnt finish developing till around 7 years old till adolescence

Maxillary sinus

Largest. Inside cheekbones on either side of nose beneath eyes. Most common place for infection to start.

Ethmoid sinus

In ethmoid bone between eyes & behind bridge of nose. Not 1 chamber, but rather a cluster of multiple tiny air pockets (honeycomb).

Sphenoid sinus

Deep in skull within sphenoid bone (behind ethmoid & nose). Deepest sinus & finishes growing during adolescence.

Eustachian Tube

Connects nasopharynx with middle ear. Closed in relaxed state. Functions as an aeration/air pressure equalizer of middle ear.

Columella

Vertical strip of soft tissue & skin that bridges the base of nose between L & R nostrils, connecting nasal septum.

Philtrum

Shallow, vertical midline groove on upper lip running from base of nose down to cupids bow.

Cupids bow

Double-curved contour of upper lip’s vermilion border

Extrinsic muscle of tongue

Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, & Styloglossus

Intrinsic muscles of tongue

Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical muscles

Muscles that lower mandible

external pterygoid, digastric (anterior belly), mylohyoid, and geniohyoid

Muscles that elevate the mandible

Masseter, temporalis, & internal pterygoid

Muscles that move mandible side-to-side

Masseter, temporalis, internal pterygoid, & external pterygoid

Muscle that moves mandible forward

External pterygoid

Muscles that move mandible backward

masseter & temporalis

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Moves the sides of pharyngeal walls inwards

Stylopharyngeus muscles

Moves side of pharyngeal walls outward

Velar eminence

Top of hook

Velar dimple

undersurface of hook