Dr. Brown ETSU A&P II Final

Formed Elements of Blood are

WBC's, Platelets, and RBC's

Anti-ABO antibodies are

after birth

Anti-Rh antibodies are

ONLY produced after sensitization

Type A blood has

surface antigen A, Anti-B antibodies

Type B blood has

surface antigen B, Anti-A antibodies

Type AB blood has

surface antigens A & B, neither Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies

Type O blood has

neither A or B surface antigens, both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Overview of the clotting mechanism

The platelet plug forms, then the clot formation occurs

Clot formation: Platelets secrete Serotonin and Prothrombin activator. Prothrombin is converted to Thrombin by Ca2+ and Prothrombin activator. Fibrinogen (soluble) is converted to Fibrin (insoluble) by Thrombin.

thrombus

an abnormal clot

embolus

a thrombus that leaved the site of formation and enters circulation

embolism

when an embolus gets lodged somewhere

Pathway of blood through the heart

Vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary trunk - pulmonary artery- pulmonary - capillaries of lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - ascending aorta

Pathway of cardiac impulse

SA node - Junctional fibers - AV node - AV bundle - Bundle Branches - Purkinjue fibers

Bulk Flow:

Arteriole end: Outwards by hydrostatic pressure

Venule end: Inwards by osmotic pressure

How do these effect Blood pressure:

Epinephrine, ADH, Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, and Histamine

Epinephrine ↑HR ↑CO ↑ BP

ADH ↑BV ↑BP

Angiotensin II ↑BP by the 5 ways! (listed later)

Aldosterone ↑BP and ↓ BP

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ↓ NA ↓ BV ↓ BP

Histamine ↓ BP ↓Vasoconstriction

Lymph Formation

What are the two lymphatic collecting ducts and what portion of the body do they drain?

Right lymphatic: 25%; drains right upper body

Thoracic: 75%; drains the rest of the body

Primary lymphatic organs:

Thymus and Red Bone Marrow

Secondary lymphatic organs:

Spleen and Lymph Nodes

Summary of the EKG (Pwave, QRS Complex, Twave)

P-when atria depolarize

QRS- Ventricles depolarize

T- Ventricles reploarize

5 targets and effects of Angiotensin II

Posterior pituitary releases ADH

Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone

Constriction of afferent arteriole ↓ GFR

Systematic vasoconstriction

Hypothalamus ↑ thirst

Pathway of Semen Formation:

spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte → early spermatids (spermatozia) →late spermatids → sperm calls

Pathway of Semen Formation continued.

Seminiferous tubules → rete testes → epidydimis →vas deferens →ejaculatory duct → prostatic urethra → membraneous urethra → penile urethra → external penile meatus