ADLER

Neither a terrorist nor a person driven mad by ambition; presents an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with all humankind.

Alfred Adler

Adler saw People are being motivated mostly by ?

social influences and by their striving for superiority or success.

Adler's view of personality development

People are largely responsible for who they are.

Adler's view of Present behavior is shaped by ?

Present behavior is shaped by people's view of the future.

Adler's view of conscious behavior

Psychologically healthy people are usually aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it.

Reduced all motivation to sex and aggression.

Freud's view of motivation

Assumed that people have little or no choice in shaping their personality.

Freud's view of personality development

Assumption that present behavior is caused by past experiences.

Freud's view of present behavior

Placed very heavy emphasis on unconscious components of behavior.

Freud's view of unconscious behavior

An original member of the small clique of physicians who met in Freud's home on Wednesday evenings to discuss psychological topics.

Alfred Adler

The theory established by Adler after leaving the Freud circle.

Individual psychology

the feeling of oneness with all humankind

social interest

core tenets of indiv psych

The one dynamic force behind people's behavior is the striving for success or superiority., People's subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality, Personality is unified and self-consistent., The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest., The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person's style of life., Style of life is molded by people's creative power.

to adler, people are born iwth ?

People are born with weak, inferior bodies

weak, inferior bodies is a condition that leads to ?

feelings of inferiority

A feeling of unity with others.

Social interest

The ultimate standard for psychological health.

Social interest

Adler's own childhood was marked by ?

physical deficiencies and strong feelings of competitiveness with his older brother.

Everyone begins life with ?

physical deficiencies

Physical deficiencies activate ?

feelings of inferiority

Feelings of inferiority motivate a person to strive for either ?

superiority or success.

Psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for ?

personal superiority

Psychologically healthy people seek ?

success for all humanity.

Early in his career, Adler believed that ?

aggression was the dynamic power behind all motivation.

After rejecting aggression as a single motivational force, Adler used the term ?

masculine protest

Masculine protest implied ?

will to power or a domination of others.

Adler abandoned masculine protest as a ?

universal drive

Adler continued to give masculine protest a limited role in his theory of ?

abnormal development.

Adler called the single dynamic force ?

striving for superiority.

Adler limited striving for superiority to people who strive for ?

personal superiority over others

Adler introduced the term striving for success to describe actions of people who are motivated by ?

highly developed social interest

Each individual is guided by ?

a final goal.

According to Adler (1956), people strive toward a final goal of either ?

personal superiority or the goal of success for all humankind.

The final goal is ?

fictional and has no objective existence.

The final goal has great significance because it ?

unifies personality and renders all behavior comprehensible.

Each person has the power to create ?

a personalized fictional goal

A personalized fictional goal is constructed out of ?

the raw materials provided by heredity and environment.

The goal is neither ?

genetically nor environmentally determined.

The product of the creative power.

Final goal

Creative power is people's ability to ?

freely shape their behavior and create their own personality.

By the time children reach what age? ,their creative power has developed to the point that they can set their final goal.

4 or 5 years old

Even infants have an innate drive toward ?

growth, completion, or success.

Because infants are small, incomplete, and weak, they feel ?

inferior and powerless.

To compensate for this deficiency, infants set a fictional goal to be ?

big, complete, and strong.

A person's final goal reduces ?

the pain of inferiority feelings

A person's final goal points that person in the direction of either ?

superiority or success.

If children feel neglected or pampered, their goal remains ?

largely unconscious.

Adler (1964) hypothesized that children will compensate for feelings of inferiority in ?

devious ways that have no apparent relationship to their fictional goal.

The goal of superiority for a pampered girl may be to ?

make permanent her parasitic relationship with her mother.

A pampered girl may appear ?

dependent and self-deprecating

A pampered girl's unconscious and misunderstood goal may be ?

being a parasite

The pampered girl set her unconscious goal at ?

age 4 or 5

If children experience love and security, they set a goal that is ?

largely conscious and clearly understood.

Psychologically secure children strive toward superiority defined in terms of ?

success and social interest.

Healthy individuals understand and pursue their goal with ?

a high level of awareness.

In striving for their final goal, people create and pursue ?

many preliminary goals.

Preliminary goals are often ?

conscious

The connection between preliminary goals and the final goal usually remains ?

unknown.

The relationship among preliminary goals is ?

seldom realized.

From the point of view of the final goal, preliminary goals ?

fit together in a self-consistent pattern.

Adler (1956) used the analogy of ?

the playwright

The playwright builds the characteristics and the subplots of the play according to ?

the final goal of the drama.

When the final scene is known, all dialogue and every subplot ?

acquire new meaning.

When an individual's final goal is known, ?

all actions make sense and each subgoal takes on new significance.

People strive for superiority or success as a means of compensation for ?

feelings of inferiority or weakness.

According to Adler (1930), all humans are "blessed" at birth with ?

small, weak, and inferior bodies.

Physical deficiencies ignite feelings of inferiority only because people possess ?

an innate tendency toward completion or wholeness.

People are continually pushed by ?

the need to overcome inferiority feelings

People are continually pulled by ?

the desire for completion.

The minus and plus situations exist ?

simultaneously and cannot be separated because they are two dimensions of a single force.

The striving force itself is ?

innate

The nature and direction of the striving force are due both to ?

feelings of inferiority and to the goal of superiority.

Without the innate movement toward perfection, children would never ?

feel inferior.

Without feelings of inferiority, children would never ?

set a goal of superiority or success.

The goal is set as compensation for ?

the deficit feeling

The deficit feeling would not exist unless a child first possessed ?

a basic tendency toward completion.

Although the striving for success is innate, it must be ?

developed.

At birth, striving for success exists as ?

potentiality, not actuality.

Each person must actualize this potential ?

in his or her own manner.

At about age 4 or 5, children begin this process by ?

setting a direction to the striving force and by establishing a goal either of personal superiority or of social success.

The goal provides guidelines for ?

motivation

The goal shapes ?

psychological development and gives it an aim.

As a creation of the individual, the goal may ?

take any form.

The goal is not necessarily ?

a mirror image of the deficiency

A weak-bodied person will not necessarily become ?

a robust athlete

Success is ?

an individualized concept

All people formulate ?

their own definition of success.

Creative power is swayed by ?

the forces of heredity and environment

Creative power is ultimately responsible for ?

people's personality.

Heredity establishes ?

the potentiality

Environment contributes to the development of ?

social interest and courage.

The forces of nature and nurture can never deprive a person of ?

the power to set a unique goal or to choose a unique style of reaching for the goal.

In his final theory, Adler identified ?

two general avenues of striving.

The first avenue of striving is ?

the socially nonproductive attempt to gain personal superiority.

The second avenue of striving involves ?

social interest and is aimed at success or perfection for everyone.

Some people strive for superiority with ?

little or no concern for others.

Their goals are ?

personal ones

The strivings of people who strive for personal superiority are motivated largely by ?

exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority, or by the presence of an inferiority complex.

Obvious examples of people who strive for personal gain.

Murderers, thieves, and con artists

Some people consciously or unconsciously hide their self-centeredness behind ?

the cloak of social concern.