10/8/26 Objectives: Organization of Bone

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Last updated 11:55 PM on 10/8/26
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26 Terms

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Axial bones
Skull, Ear/Neck, Vertebral column, Thoracic cage
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Appendicular bones
Pectoral girdle, Upper limbs, Pelvic girdle, Lower limbs
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How many skull bones are there?
22
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Neurocranium
Bones that touch the brain
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How many Neurocranium bones are there?
8
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Viscerocranium
Bones that create facial structures
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How many Viscerocranium bones are there?
14
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Bones that form the orbit (Many Friendly Zebras Enjoy Lazy Summer Picnics)
Maxillary, Frontal, Zygomatic, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Sphenoid, Palatine
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Frontal Sinus location

Above eyebrows
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Ethmoid Air Cells (sinus) location

Between eyes, bridge of nose
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Sphenoid Sinus location

Under ethmoid air cells, sphenoid bone
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Maxillary Sinus location

Behind cheeks, under eyes
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Kyphosis
hunch back
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Lordosis
Arch back
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Scoliosis
Spine tilted left or right
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Which ribs are TRUE ribs?
1-7
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Which ribs are FALSE ribs?
8-10
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Which ribs are FLOATING ribs?
11-12
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Male Pelvis features
Heart shaped pelvic inlet, 50-60° pubic arch, curved sacrum concavity
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Female Pelvis features
Oval shaped pelvic inlet, 90° public arch, flared out sacrum concavity
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Key Hormone effects: Calcitonin

Promotes mineralization and lowers blood Ca2+ concentration in children, but usually has little effect in adults; may prevent bone loss in pregnant and lactating women
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Key Hormone effects: Calcitriol (Vitamin D)

Promotes intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate; reduces urinary excretion of both; promotes both resorption and mineralization; stimulates osteoclast activity
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Key Hormone effects: Cortisol

Inhibits osteoclast activity, but if secreted in excess (Cushing disease), can cause osteoporosis by reducing bone deposition (inhibiting cell division and protein synthesis), inhibiting growth hormone secretion, and stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone
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Key Hormone effects: Estrogen

Stimulates osteoblasts and adolescent growth; prevents osteoporosis
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Key Hormone effects: Growth Hormone

Stimulates bone elongation and cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate; increases urinary excretion of Ca2+ but also increases intestinal Ca2+ absorption, which compensates for the loss
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Key Hormone effects: Insulin

Stimulates bone formation; significant bone loss occurs in untreated diabetes mellitus