Nursing Leadership, Management, and Evidence-Based Practice

Comprehensive flashcards covering 100 essential concepts in Nursing Leadership, Management, Patient Safety, Legal Acts, and Delivery Models across all 5 lecture source documents.

When was the National Nursing Care Competency Standards (NNCCS) initially developed, and when was the project completed?

It was developed in 2001 by the PRC-BON National Task Force for Core Competency Standards Development and completed in 2005.

How many core competencies are included in the National Nursing Care Competency Standards (NNCCS)?

There are 11 core competencies: safe and quality nursing care, communication, collaboration and teamwork, health education, legal responsibility, ethico-moral responsibility, personal and professional development, quality improvement, research, management of resources and environment, and record management.

What three roles of the beginning nurse were emphasized in the Revised 2012 NNCCS foreword by PRC Chair T.R. Manzala?

Beginning Nurses' Role on Client Care, Beginning Nurses' Role on Management and Leadership, and Beginning Nurses' Role in Research.

What are the four specific aims of the NNCCS implementation project in conjunction with the International Labour Organization (ILO)?

1. Establish the team and system for implementing the project; 2. Develop and implement training design/materials; 3. Pilot the training course in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; 4. Recommend strategies to address sustainability concerns.

What are the first five key phases in the development of the National Nursing Core Competencies Standards in the Philippines?

Phase 1 – Work Setting scenario; Phase 2 – Validation studies of roles and responsibilities/Benchmarking; Phase 3 – Integrative review of outputs; Phase 4 – Core competency consensual validation; Phase 5 – Conduct of public hearing.

What are Phases 6 through 10 in the development of the National Nursing Core Competencies Standards in the Philippines?

Phase 6 – Promulgation; Phase 7 – Printing; Phase 8 – Training in implementation; Phase 9 – Implementation; Phase 10 – Evaluation of effectiveness.

How is safety defined within healthcare quality standards?

Safety is one aspect of quality that involves avoiding preventable harm, making appropriate care available, providing effective services to those who benefit, and withholding ineffective or harmful services.

What is the primary aim of safety in a healthcare organization?

To prevent harm to patients, their families and friends, healthcare professionals, contract service workers, volunteers, and other individuals within the environment.

What key leadership element is necessary to integrate patient safety into health facility operations?

Leadership and political commitment to address strategic priorities, institutional development, culture, infrastructure, stakeholder engagement, and awareness communication.

What type of reporting system does the National Patient Safety Committee aim to institutionalize?

A pro-active reporting and learning system that requires leadership to encourage the reporting of events while ensuring confidentiality.

What methods are used in adverse event prevention and risk management under patient care safety standards?

Patient risk assessment, patient feedback surveys, health technology assessment, and safety assessment codes.

What five strategies improve staff safety in healthcare settings?

1. Promote a culture of safety; 2. Measure the performance of safety protocols; 3. Optimize staff scheduling; 4. Improve patient handling; 5. Use safer medical equipment.

According to Level 1 Nursing Care Classification (Minimal Care), how many hours of care are required per day?

1.5 hours/day.

How many hours of care per day are required for Level 2 Moderate/Intermediate Care?

3.0 hours/day.

How many hours of care per day are required for Level 3 Total/Intensive Care?

4.5 hours/day.

What is the required nursing care duration for Level 4 Highly Specialized/Critical Care?

6 or more hours/day.

What six life-saving certifications should nurses maintain to improve patient safety?

CPR, BLS, ACLS, PALS, NALS, and other Nursing Specialty Certification Programs.

According to the American Nurses Association (2015), what six components form the nursing process critical thinking model in the Standards of Practice?

Assessment, Diagnosis, Outcomes Identification, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation.

What Republic Act is known as the 'Philippine Nursing Act of 2002'?

Republic Act No. 9173.

What is the composition of the Board of Nursing under RA 9173?

It is composed of a Chairperson and six (6) members.

What are the citizenship and practice qualifications for a member of the Board of Nursing under RA 9173?

Must be a natural-born citizen and resident of the Philippines, with at least ten (10) years of continuous nursing practice prior to appointment, the last five (5) years of which must be in the Philippines.

What educational qualifications must the Chairperson and members of the Board of Nursing possess under RA 9173?

Must be an RN holding a Master's degree in nursing, education, or allied medical profession; the Chairperson and the majority of members must hold a Master's degree in nursing.

What three areas of nursing must be represented on the Board of Nursing?

Nursing education, nursing service, and community health nursing.

What is the term of office for members of the Board of Nursing under RA 9173?

Three (3) years, with the possibility of re-appointment for another term.

What agency exercises administrative supervision over the Board of Nursing?

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).

On what grounds may the President of the Philippines remove or suspend any member of the Board of Nursing?

(a) Continued neglect of duty or incompetence; (b) Commission or toleration of irregularities in the licensure exam; (c) Unprofessional, immoral, or dishonorable conduct.

What ratings must an examinee obtain to pass the Nursing Board Licensure Examination?

A general average rating of at least 75% with no rating below 60% in any individual subject.

If an examinee obtains a general average of 75% or higher but scores below 60% in a subject, what must they do?

They must re-take the examination only in the subject(s) where they scored below 60% and achieve a rating of at least 75% in the repeated subject(s).

What training is required for inactive nurses returning to practice after 5 consecutive years of non-practice?

One (1) month of didactic training and three (3) months of practicum.

What qualifications are required for nursing faculty under RA 9173?

Must be an RN in the Philippines, have at least one (1) year of clinical practice in a specialization, be a member in good standing of the accredited professional organization, and hold a Master's degree in nursing, education, or allied health sciences.

What additional qualifications are required for the Dean of a College of Nursing under RA 9173?

Must hold a Master's degree in nursing and have at least five (5) years of experience in nursing.

What are the qualifications for a Chief Nurse or Director of Nursing Service in a non-primary hospital under RA 9173?

Must be an RN, have at least 2 years in general nursing service admin, hold a BSN with 9 graduate management units, be an APO member, have at least 5 years supervisory/managerial experience, and hold a Master's degree major in nursing.

What is the minimum base pay prescribed for nurses working in public health institutions under RA 9173?

It shall not be lower than Salary Grade 15 as prescribed under RA 6758 (Compensation and Classification Act of 1989).

What are the penal sanctions for illegal practice of nursing or violations of RA 9173?

A fine of not less than P50,000.00 nor more than P100,000.00, or imprisonment of 1 year to 6 years, or both, at the court's discretion.

What is Republic Act No. 6675?

The Generic Drug Act of 1988.

What act repealed RA 6425 and is known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002?

Republic Act No. 9165.

What law is known as the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law?

Republic Act No. 7877.

What Republic Act is known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act?

Republic Act No. 9262.

What law provides for benefits, rights, and responsibilities of public health workers, including hazard allowance and overtime pay?

RA 7305 (Magna Carta of Public Health Workers).

Which Presidential Decree is known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code?

Presidential Decree No. 603.

What timeframe is required for the registration of birth under PD 651?

Immediate registration of birth within 30 days.

What is the definition of the Nursing Process?

A systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care.

What is the function of a Patient Classification System (PCS)?

It predicts patient needs and nursing requirements by grouping patients according to acuity of illness and complexity of required nursing care.

Why is a Patient Classification System (PCS) not universally transferable between hospitals?

Because Nursing Care Hours (NCH) are influenced by unique institutional factors, patient populations, available resources, and staffing patterns.

What is Case Method Nursing (Total Patient Care)?

The oldest delivery method where one registered nurse assumes total responsibility for all care of one or more assigned patients during a single shift.

What delivery model assigns specific tasks/functions (e.g., medication administration, hygiene) to individual staff members across all patients?

Functional Nursing.

In Team Nursing, what is the role of the Registered Nurse team leader?

The RN plans, delegates, supervises, and evaluates care delivered by team members (such as LPN/LVNs and nursing assistants) for a group of patients.

What is Modular Nursing?

A care model that uses mini-teams (care pairs) assigned to care for patients in a specific geographic module or district of the nursing unit.

What key feature defines Primary Nursing (Relationship-Based Nursing)?

One primary RN assumes 24-hour accountability for developing and managing a patient's care plan throughout their hospitalization, using associate nurses when off duty.

In the Differentiated Nursing Practice Model, what is the role of an Associate Degree RN (ADN)?

Provides direct bedside and technical nursing care.

In the Differentiated Nursing Practice Model, what is the role of a BSN-Prepared RN?

Coordinates and manages patient care, case management, and admission-discharge planning.

In the Differentiated Nursing Practice Model, what is the primary role of an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN)?

Provides advanced clinical assessment, diagnosis, treatment, consultation, and leadership across settings.

What is the primary function of a Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL)?

To oversee care coordination, design/implement/evaluate care plans, delegate tasks, and collaborate with interprofessional teams to improve outcome quality and patient safety.

What core concept underpins the AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care?

Matching patient characteristics/needs (8 traits) with corresponding nurse competencies (8 skills) to achieve optimal outcomes.

What are the five themes of the Transforming Care at the Bedside (TCAB) model?

1. Transformational Leadership; 2. Safe and Reliable Care; 3. Vitality and Teamwork; 4. Patient-Centered Care; 5. Value-Added Care Processes.

How does Formal Organizational Structure differ from Informal Organizational Structure regarding authority and communication?

Formal structure has official authority, clear chain of command, and top-down communication; informal structure arises naturally through social networks with direct, flexible, and unwritten channels.

What is the Category 1 (Minimal Care) status for Eating, Grooming, and Excretion in Nursing Care Intensity Classification?

Eating: Independent; feeds self. Grooming: Independent with personal hygiene. Excretion: Toilets independently.

What is the Category 4 (Highly Intensive/Critical Care) status for General Health and Medications in Nursing Care Intensity Classification?

General Health: Critically ill; unstable condition requiring continuous assessment. Medications: Continuous IV medications or medications requiring frequent adjustment.

Identify the five stages displayed in this diagram of the Nursing Process.

Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation.

What principal basis was used in formulating the Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses in the Philippines?

The Code of Good Governance for the Professions in the Philippines.

According to Article I, Section 2 of the Philippine Code of Ethics for Nurses, what are the primary obligations of a nurse?

Promotion of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering, and restoration of health; or assistance towards a peaceful death when restoration is not possible.

What are the four principal elements of the ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses?

1. Nurses and people; 2. Nurses and practice; 3. Nurses and the profession; 4. Nurses and co-workers.

What is a contract?

A meeting of minds between two persons whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, to give something or render some service.

What is a Voidable Contract?

An agreement enforceable by law at the option of one or more parties, but not at the option of the other(s).

What distinguishes an Express Contract from an Implied Contract?

In an Express Contract, terms are explicitly stated in writing or spoken words at formation; in an Implied Contract, terms are inferred from the conduct or dealings of the parties.

What are the essential requisites for a valid contract?

Two or more participants, mutual consent, a specific/lawful object, cause of obligation, and legal capacity of the contracting parties.

What constitutes a Breach of Contract in nursing services?

Failure to perform an agreement without legal cause, such as prevention of performance, abandonment of duty, or failure to use due care.

What is a Holographic Will?

A will that must be entirely written, dated, and signed by the hand of the testator himself.

What is a Nuncupative Will?

An oral will spoken before at least two witnesses during a person's last illness under specific statutory guidelines.

What age requirement must a testator meet to possess testamentary capacity?

The testator must be at least 18 years of age.

What is a gift Causa Mortis (donation causa mortis)?

A gift of personal property made by a person in anticipation or belief of approaching death.

Define Professional Negligence.

The commission or omission of an act, pursuant to a duty, that a reasonably prudent person in similar circumstances would or would not do, proximately causing injury to another or their property.

What four elements must be present to establish a case of professional negligence?

1. Existence of a duty; 2. Failure to meet the standard of due care; 3. Foreseeability of harm; 4. Injury to the plaintiff.

What does the legal doctrine 'Res Ipsa Loquitur' mean?

'The thing speaks for itself' — applied when the injury is of such a nature that it would not normally occur without negligence by an agency under the defendant's control.

How does Malpractice differ from simple Negligence?

Malpractice is professional negligence involving improper, unskillful care or stepping beyond one's scope of authority with serious consequences.

What is the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior?

'Let the master answer for the acts of the subordinate' — expanding liability to hold the employer liable for the negligent acts of employees.

What distinguishes Assault from Battery in nursing law?

Assault is an imminent threat of harmful or offensive bodily contact (verbal/gestural); Battery is intentional, unconsented physical touching.

What is the difference between Slander and Libel?

Slander is oral or spoken defamation; Libel is written defamation (words, essays, cartoons) communicated to a third person.

According to degree of execution, what is a Frustrated Felony?

When the offender performs all acts of execution to produce the felony, but it fails to result due to causes independent of the perpetrator's will.

What are Justifying Circumstances in criminal liability?

Acts performed where a person incurs no criminal liability, such as self-defense, defense of relatives/strangers, avoiding greater evil, or fulfillment of duty.

What is the definition of Nursing in a professional context?

Nursing is both an art and a science that integrates Administration, Research, Education, and Clinical Practice.

How is Leadership distinguished from Management?

Leadership focuses on people, guiding, inspiring change, and influencing toward a vision; Management focuses on processes, systems, resource coordination, and achieving goals efficiently.

What is Harbizon and Myers' Three-Fold Concept of Management?

Management viewed as an Economic Source (factor of production), a System of Authority (hierarchy to democratic line), and a Class and Status System (elite group based on education).

According to Henry Mintzberg, what are the three Managerial Role categories?

1. Interpersonal Roles (Figurehead, Leader, Liaison); 2. Informational Roles (Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson); 3. Decisional Roles (Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, Negotiator).

What principle of Scientific Management was introduced by Frederick Taylor to replace trial-and-error?

Replacing the 'Rule of Thumb' with scientific, standardized methods based on time and motion studies.

Who is known as the 'First Lady of Management' for using motion-picture films to analyze worker motions?

Lillian Gilbreth (alongside Frank Gilbreth).

Who developed the Gantt Chart and advocated for humanitarian management?

Henry Gantt.

Who is known as the 'Father of the Management Process School' for outlining 14 principles of management?

Henri Fayol.

Who is known as the 'Father of Organizational Management' and introduced the organizational chart?

Max Weber.

What is the Hawthorne Effect identified by Elton Mayo?

Workers increase their productivity when given special attention or when they know they are being studied, regardless of environmental changes.

What does Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory differentiate?

Hygiene Factors (Dissatisfiers — prevent dissatisfaction but do not motivate) and Motivating Factors (Satisfiers — increase job satisfaction and performance).

What are the core assumptions of Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y?

Theory X assumes employees dislike work, avoid responsibility, and need close/authoritarian supervision; Theory Y assumes employees enjoy work, seek responsibility, and are self-directed.

According to Blake and Mouton's Managerial Grid, what style represents (9,9) Team Management?

High concern for people and High concern for production; creates teamwork and achieves excellent results (most effective style).

What premise defines the Great Man Theory of leadership?

Proposes that leaders are born, not made, inheriting natural traits and qualities that allow them to emerge during extraordinary situations.

What is the core premise of Fred Fiedler's Contingency Theory?

Leadership effectiveness depends on the fit between a leader's fixed leadership style and situational favorability (measured by Leader-Member Relations, Task Structure, Position Power).

What are the three classic leadership styles identified by Kurt Lewin?

Autocratic (Authoritarian), Democratic (Participative), and Laissez-Faire (Delegative).

When is an Autocratic (Authoritarian) leadership style most appropriately applied in nursing?

In emergency situations, Code Blue calls, disaster responses, and mass casualty incidents where rapid decision-making is essential.

What defines a Transformational Leader?

A leader who inspires, motivates, and empowers followers to exceed expectations by creating a shared vision, fostering innovation, and promoting growth.

What are the five core functions of the Management Process (PODC/POSDC)?

Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, and Controlling.

What legal maxim defines Nursing Jurisprudence?

'Ignorantia legis non excusat' (Ignorance of the law excuses no one).