Sem Exam 1

Radiant energy from the sun

some is reflected, some is absorbed by the Earth, some is admitted into thermal energy

Earths temperature without atmosphere

-18°C, but it is not because the atmosphere traps heat from the sun making our Earth, 15°C

The greenhouse gas effect

sun rays hit earths and its natural gases trap some of its heat. Earth is not always the same temperature and depends on the latitude with latitude gradients.

Latitude gradient and unequal solar heating

The temperature is different throughout earth because of unequal solar heating caused by fluctuation of temperatures, depending on how many rays are hitting the area of earth

Global sea surface temperature

unable solar heating affects water temperature. The equator is warmer.

Salinity

levels of salt and oceans. Evaporation and precipitation rates affect salinity. Weight of salt in grams in water is expressed as parts per thousand.

Density of water

salinity, and temperature affect the density of water. More salt leads to more dense water. Ocean water is more dense than freshwater.

Thermohaline Circulation

currents are affected by density, temperature, and salinity of water moving in currents. Cold water moves down and warm water moves up to cause currents. When the planet warms global currents slow down.

Unequal solar heating and winds

influences currents, and the Coriolis effect. Warm air rises, cold air drops, causing surface currents.

Fossil fuels

the use of fossil fuels heat up earth and affects winds and currents. Creates large atmosphere to trap more heat. CO2 is being absorbed by oceans and changing its decreasing its pH

CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

has increased linearly overtime. Correlation with an increase in CO2 to increase in global temperatures.

Changes in the atmosphere

have always been occurring. We are currently in an ice age, but a warming period. Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperatures have always been fluctuating. However, the rate of change is currently increasing with CO2 emissions.

Climate change effects

may bring us to extinction, the poorest country suffer the most, the richest countries are at fault. Change can be from humans or the environment. Humans affect the Earth at a much faster rate.

Hurricanes

tropical cyclones that have winds of more than 74 mph. Hurricanes=cyclones=typhoons. Depends on where in the world. Can track hurricanes through satellite imaging is classified from category one to category five.

Hurricanes and evacuation measures

evacuation measures depend on the category. Winds and flooding can easily destroy infrastructure and be deadly. Hurricanes cause high winds and surge level flooding.-

Increased storm intensity

hurricanes used to be much less common and we rarely category fives. As global warming, progressed, hurricanes, intensify, and become more frequent and are more likely to be at a higher category.

Increase temperature of water

causes hurricanes to be less predictable large El Niño event this year. More intense hurricanes drain resources. Stronger storms, causing high, surge levels in accordance to rising sea levels.

Resiliency

mangroves, dunes and reefs protect from rising sea levels and surges. People began cutting them down and destroying them. The solution is preventing community/developments in areas that are prone to flooding in hurricanes

Increase sea level

increase over the years, has doubled in the last 20 years.

Carbon footprint

the total amount of greenhouse gases, one omits in their lifetime

hurricanes and CO2 concentration

have increased. Higher storm intensity and increased ocean acidification.

pH and acidity

the measure of acidity or basidity of a liquid solution. A solution's pH represents the concentration of H^+ ions and OH^- ions.0-14

Water

has a pH of seven and is neutral. Neither basic or acidic with equal concentrations of H^+ and OH^-

Ocean acidification

oceans absorbed about 30% of CO2 we produce reducing the pH of seawater. Since the 1980s 95% of open ocean surface water has become more acidic.

CO2 and acidification

Hinder, calcification of muscles, algae, corals, etc. Calcium carbonate ions are used to build and sustain these organisms. H^+ ions take away these ions.

CO2 reacting with ocean water

creates carbonic acid also reacts with H^+ ions and bicarbonate is used to neutralize H plus ions. However, less bicarbonate is available for sea life.

CO2 is important for the ocean

CO2 is important for the ocean however there is a limit and can cause macroalgal competition and rising ocean acidity. CO2 needed for photosynthesis of aquatic plants. Weakens coral reefs, calcification, structural integrity.

Corals

animal kingdom, and Animalia and phylum cndaria. Have a polyp or Medusa form. Body structure that contains food sperm and everything else and gastrovascular cavity. Very primitive body composition. Tentacles to catch food.

Poylp

can have a jellyfish stage, build hard limestone skeletons to form coral reef, reproduce to create another polyp

Medusa

jellyfish stage

Cnidocyst

cells in ectoderm and tentacles with harpoon. If touched, it will deploy in sting. Used to catch food.

Class anthozoa

corals, and anemones. Both composed of many polyps/mouths, and is one organism

Subgroups of corals

Actiniaria- sea aneneome. Very diverse and structure, shape, species.

Order

scleracinta (stony corals)

Hermatypic

reef building or Greek word for mound building. Have calcium carbonate structures.

Coral reefs

provide habitat for marine life

Clearwater

no food or nutrients. No primary productivity equals no food web. Coral and algae have symbiotic relationships.

Dinoflagellates

unicellular symbiotic with algae. Can photosynthesize because of it.

Holobiont

such strong symbiosis, corals cannot live without algae with some exception. Symbiont are the reason coral survive. Also gives greenish color.

Coral bleaching

in stress/higher temperatures Cole loses algae and becomes white. When symbion leave it loses color.

Bleaching

a whitening of Cole due to loss of Symbion and or pigment/chlorophyll. Can cause dying/death of coral

Causes of bleaching

increase sea surface temperatures. Increase solar radiation/UV.

Local causes of bleaching

low salinity, aerial exposures, sudden temperature drops, sedimentation, disease. Bleaching events become more frequent, giving organisms less time to recover.

healthy

polyps ans symbionts

Bleached

loss of polyps and symbionts. Can either recover or die. Reefs affected by warming ocean, sea level, rise, change and storm patterns, change in precipitation, altered ocean currents, acidification

static-equilibrium effect

When large masses of ice melt, the ocean does not rise uniformly like water in a bathtub.

zooxantholae

tiny, single-celled photosynthetic algae that live inside the tissues of various marine animals, including corals