English 111: Sentence Patterns, Subject-Verb Agreement, Moods, and Verb Tenses/Aspects

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic sentence patterns, subject-verb agreement rules, verb moods, and the 12 tense-aspect combinations from English 111.

Sentence

A group of words that expresses a complete thought, composed of a subject and a predicate.

Subject

What or whom the sentence is about; it may be a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun.

Predicate

The part of a sentence that tells something about the subject.

Linking Verb

A verb that expresses a state of being rather than an action, followed by a predicate noun, pronoun, or complement adjective that renames or describes the subject.

Transitive Verb

A verb that expresses an action directed toward a direct object or receiver of the action.

Intransitive Verb

A verb that expresses an action without having a direct object receive it.

Direct Object

The noun or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb, answering the question who or what.

Indirect Object

A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase appearing alongside a direct object to indicate the person or thing that receives what is being given or done.

Subject Complement

A noun, pronoun, or adjective following a linking verb that renames or describes the subject.

Object Complement

A word (usually a noun or an adjective) that renames the direct object or states what it has become.

S-LV-C Pattern

A basic sentence construction consisting of Subject + Linking Verb + Complement (e.g., 'Dong Wook is so handsome.').

S-IV Pattern

A basic sentence construction consisting of Subject + Intransitive Verb (e.g., 'Anna dances gracefully.').

S-TV-DO Pattern

A basic sentence construction consisting of Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object (e.g., 'Lea helped the children.').

S-TV-DO-OC Pattern

A basic sentence construction consisting of Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement (e.g., 'The class elected Adrian secretary.').

S-TV-IO-DO Pattern

A basic sentence construction consisting of Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (e.g., 'Ms. Ruffa gave her students another homework.').

Subject-Verb Agreement: Single Person Compound Subject

A compound subject connected by 'and' that refers to only one individual takes a singular verb (e.g., 'My English instructor and adviser is absent.').

Subject-Verb Agreement: Proximity Rule

When subjects are joined by 'or', 'nor', 'either…or', 'neither…nor', or 'not only…but also', the verb agrees with the subject closest to it.

Subject-Verb Agreement: Collective Nouns

Takes a singular verb when the group is regarded as a single unit, but takes a plural verb when the members are regarded as individuals.

Subject-Verb Agreement: 'A number' vs. 'The number'

'A number' functions as a plural subject requiring a plural verb, whereas 'The number' functions as a singular subject requiring a singular verb.

Subject-Verb Agreement: Plural-Form Singular Nouns

Nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning (such as 'mathematics', 'economics', 'politics', 'measles', and 'news') require singular verbs.

Mood

The form a verb takes to indicate the attitude of the person speaking and show how the statement is to be regarded (e.g., fact, command, wish, or uncertainty).

Indicative Mood

The verb mood used in statements to declare facts, share opinions, or ask questions.

Imperative Mood

The verb mood used to express a command or a request.

Present Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive form used to express a suggestion, a necessity, or an indirect command/order (e.g., 'I suggest that Dawn drive the car.').

Past Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive form used to express an untrue condition, an impossible situation, or a wish/desire (e.g., 'If I were Dawn, I would drive the car.').

Tense

The grammatical category indicating the time of the action or state expressed by the verb (present, past, or future).

Aspect

The grammatical feature indicating the manner in which an action is carried out with respect to whether it is completed, ongoing, repeated, or just about to happen.

Tense and Aspect Table (Infinitive: Think)

A 12-cell reference matrix outlining the verb 'think' conjugated across Past, Present, and Future tenses and Simple, Progressive, Perfect, and Perfect Progressive aspects.

Simple Present Tense

A tense used to convey habits, hobbies, general truths or facts, routines, scheduled future events, or states existing right now.

Simple Past Tense

A tense used to express actions completed in the past, past durations, and past habits, formed by adding -d/-ed to regular verbs or altering irregular verb spellings.

Simple Future Tense

A tense used to describe future events, voluntary actions, promises, plans, or predictions, using 'will' or 'be going to' plus the base verb.

Present Progressive Tense

A tense formed with am/is/are + present participle (-ing) to describe an action occurring right now, longer actions in progress, near-future events, or repetitive actions.

Past Progressive Tense

A tense formed with was/were + present participle (-ing) to describe interrupted past actions, past parallel actions, or repetitive past actions.

Future Progressive Tense

A tense formed with will be / be going to be + present participle (-ing) indicating an action that will be in progress at a specific future time or interrupted by another event.

Present Perfect Tense

A tense formed with has/have + past participle, indicating an action completed at an unspecified time before now or one that began in the past and continues to the present.

Past Perfect Tense

A tense formed with had + past participle to indicate an action that was completed before another past action took place.

Future Perfect Tense

A tense formed with will have (or be going to have) + past participle to indicate an action that will be completed before a designated point in the future.

Present Perfect Progressive Tense

A tense formed with has/have + been + present participle to express actions that began in the past and continue into the present, or recently finished actions with current visible results.

Past Perfect Progressive Tense

A tense formed with had + been + present participle to express an ongoing activity or duration that occurred before another event in the past.

Future Perfect Progressive Tense

A tense formed with will have been + present participle to describe an ongoing action continuing up to a specific future point, emphasizing its total duration.