contempt social prob exam 3

What is sexual orientation

Sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction

Why is sexual orientation complex

It lies on continuum, and fluidity exists

What are the categories of sexual orientation

Heterosexual, gay, bisexual

What is the Kinsey scale

Sexual orientation is on a continuum from gay to heterosexual. People usually fall on various points along the scale.

What is sexual fluidity

Some individual changes the sex to which they are attracted, and with whom they have romantic or sexual relations

What factors may contribute to sexual fluidity

Social and environmental. Maybe biological

Is sexual fluidity more common among men or women

Women

What are sexual minorities

People who’s sexual orientation, sexual practices, and romantic life differ from what’s normal

What are gender nonconformists

Express/experience gender outside of the norms

What is cisgender

Identify with gender assigned at birth

What is transgender

Identify with a different gender that what they were born with

What is queer

Reject conventions of traditional identities

What is homophobia

Bias experienced based of ones orientation

How many homeless youths identify as LGBTQ

1 in 5

What percent of LGGBTQ youth feel unsafe at school

55%

How many times are the youth of LGBTQ more likely to die by suicide

2-3x

Why is facial identify often multifaceted

Can change over time, varies within and between societies

What is ethnicity

Belief in shared descent. Subjective, based on cultural practices

What is race

Biological basis. Essentialism, asked on inherited traits

How do WEB DuBois relate to race and ethnicity

They disputed essentialism. Argued that racism influences definitions of race

What are contemporary views of race and ethnicity

They are subjective. Social constructs instead of biological ones.

What is the one drop rule

It means a person is considered “black” if any grandparent had any black in them

What is the largest ethnic group in US

Hispanics

What is the largest racial group in US

Nonhispanic whites

What is the social construct of race

Invented by humans, shaped by forces present at time, and still has very real effects on peoples lives

What is the constructivist view on race

Not a natural or biological system. Contrast to essentialist view. Created by society, and as it changes so Dow views about race

People associate certain physical characteristics with race due to what

Socialization

Humans are ___% identical across individuals

99%

____ groups are historically biggger than ____ groups

Racial, ethnic

What are racial labels

Anchored in colored terms, denotes vast continental grouping

What are ethnic labels

Associated with local, national or regional geography

What is cultural assimilation

Process by which immigrants come to be incorporated into their new society by taking on the cultural tastes and practices of that society

What are prejudices

Subjective, negative beliefs and attitudes. Broadly applied to entire groups based on stereotypes

What is discrimination

Involves action rather than beliefs, harms or puts at a disadvantage due to grouping. Reinforces social hierarchy

What is individual discrimination

One person or small group causes harm.

What is implicit prejudice

Evident in split second decisions and body language

What is explicit prejudice

More impactful based on deliberate actions

What is institutional discrimination

Organizational policy excludes or harms

What is an example of institutional discrimination

Jim Crow laws, South African apartheid

Is old fashion racism still a problem today

No

What percentage of African Mexican men make up the prison population

37%

What are the incarceration rates for men in prison

6x higher for AA than white men

2x higher for AA than Hispanic men

What is residential segregation

Degree to which different groups live in different communities

How to urban centers relate to residential segregation

Lower quality schools, higher exposure to crime, fewer employment opportunities. Less political influence

What is the great migration

African Americans migrated to the north from rural south

What caused African Americans to migrate north

Get away from discrimination, had demand for factory workers in northeast, Midwest, and west. More AA cultural institutions emerging in north

What is white flight

Minorities join community, whites move away

What is redlining

Mortgage industry ranks riskiness of potential loans. Homogenous white neighborhoods ranked low risk. Minority ranked high risk

What is Chicago school of urban sociology

Studied movements of blacks, immigrants, and whites in Chicago

What was Ernest burges concentric zone maps

Immigrants start in slums, move outward when ready. Ethnic onclaves. Black belt. Wealthy white in suburbs

What is migration

Permanent movement of people from one location, usually defined by established geographic boundaries, to another

What is internal migration

Movement within national boundaries

What is international migration

Movement between national boundaries

What is immigration

Migration into a receiving country

What is emigration

Migration out of a sending country

What are push factors of migration

Drive People to leave their country. Economic hardships, political strife, violence

What are pull factors for migration

Attract people to a new country. Economic opportunity, political stability

What is self selection

People choosing migration most positively disposed to new country. Migrants typically different from those left behind in their country of origin

What is migrant energy

High levels of determination brought to new country

What are positively selected traits for migrants

Skill level, health level, expectations and habits. Psychological traits

What factors influence people to migrate

Friends and family moving, immigrant opportunities in new country, geographic proximity, force migration

What are movers

Those who migrate to destination country

What are stayers

Those who could move or have considered it but chose to stay in origin country

What are some barriers to keep people from leaving

Governments prevent citizens from leaving. Physical barriers, can increase opportunities to keep citizens

What is brain drain

Highly educated or skilled citizens to seize economic opportunities

What is diaspora

People settle far away from their country of origin

What are some US immigration policies

Department of homeland, department of state, department of labor

What are visas

Legal documents authorizing entry

What is a legal permanent resident

Non citizens authorized to live and work in the country permanently

What are unauthorized or undocumented migrants

Immigrants who don’t have legal authorization to reside in a country

What is Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or DACA

Protects certain undocumented migrants who arrived as children. Enacted by Obama in 2012

What is counsel of economic advisors

Immigrants boost productivity and income of native citizens

What is the bottom line on the impact of immigrations

Empirical research shows that immigration benefits the us economy

Who held the “war on poverty” effort

President Johnson

What were the key arguments of the war on poverty

Studying AA families. Changing family norms were causing poverty and inequity. Family circumstances uniquely predict ones life chances

How do family forms vary across societies

Arraigned marriages, polygamy, multigenerational households, traditional or nuclear family

What were the problems with traditional families

Stifled housewives, and women had diminished bargaining power

What are alternatives to traditional families

Dual earner families, single parent families, same sex couples, cohabitating couples, single adult households

What is the US census Bureaus definition of family households

People residing together within households. Connected by marriage, biology or adoption

What is the US census Bureaus definition of non family households

People living together with no biological or legal ties

What are unmarried partners

Can be family or no family. Depends on who is the “householder”, and presence of children and relations to children is also important

What was preindustrialization marriage

Most families farmed, home and work integrated. Parents controlled child’s mate choices.

What w industrialization marriage

Growth of cities, workforce more Mobil, married couples more socially and economically independent. Women’s movement began