A & P II exam 3

What is the function of the lymphatic sysytem?

Filters germs & makes white blood cells for immune defenses

Drains extra liquid and returns blood volume for fluid balance

What organ is this? What are the dark circles vs the pink surrounding them?

Spleen

White pulp circles, red pulp surrounding

What cels are found in the white pulp of the spleen?

Lymphatic cells (B and T cells)

What cells are found within the red pulp of the spleen?

Red blood cells

What organ is this?

Lymph node

Left long arrow → follicle, inside is germinal center

Left short arrow → capsule

Bottom arrow → medulla

What organ is this?

Bone marrow

Pink→ trabeculae

Purple → marrow

What’s cells are found in the germinal centers of lymph nodes?

B lymphocytes

What is the function of a lymph node?

Act as filters to remove potential pathogens

What does the red bone marrow produce?

Red blood cells, and lymphocytes

What is the function of the thymus?

To produce mature and train t lymphocytes to protect the body from germs/disease. To identify the “self”

What is the difference between innate immune responses and adaptive immune responses?

Innate is fast and immediate, present from birth, non specific (macrophages, neutrophils)

Adaptive is slower but highly specific target exact germ and contains a memory bank (T cells, B cells, antibodies)

What is the job of a B lymphocyte?

B cells spot foreign germs in blood or lymph fluid and release antibodies to tag/neutralize bacteria & viruses

What is the job of a T lymphocytes?

They mature in the thymus gland and identify antigens to directly fight or signal other immune cells to destroy pathogens

What are the surface barriers to immune responses?

Skin, flushin (tears/snot/sweat), mucus (nose/throat)

What are the 4 steps in an indirect ELISA?

Antigen on well wall

Primary antibody on antigen

Secondary antibody on PA

Substrate on SA

What was the goal of the ELISA for this lab?

Testing giant pandas for infection with canine distemper virus (CDV)

What was different between this labs ELISA and the previous labs ELISA?

This lab, we were testing to see if the primary antibody was present. Previously we were using an Antigen

Cell and function

Monocyte

Macrophages, active phagocytosis

Cell and function

Lymphocytes

Principle cells of immune response (both t & B cells)

Cell and function

Basophil

Allergic reactions

Cell and function

Eosinophil

Phagocytosis of parasites and allergies

Cell & function

Neutrophils

Phagocytosis of bacteria, most abundant WBC

What are the 2 classes of leukocytes?

Granulocyte → has granules

A granulocyte → lacks granules

What organ is this

Esophagus

what organ is this

Stomach

What organ is this ?

Duodenum of small intestine

Jejunum of small intestine

Ileum of small intestine

How can the 3 sections of small intestine be told apart?

Duodenum → submucosa filled with duodenal glands

Jejunum → submucosa empty, lack of structure

Ileum → submucosa contains Peter’s patches

How is the mucosa of the esophagus different from other parts of the GI tract?

Begins as stratified squamous but transitions to simple columnar

What are the 4 layers of the gi tract?

Innner

• Mucosa → epithelial tissue

• Submucosa → connective tissue

• Muscularis externa → smooth muscle

• Serosa → dense irregular connective tissue

Outer

large intestine (colon)

Pancreas

Liver

What cells make up the pancreas?

Acinar cells

What cells make up the liver?

Hepatocytes

What is a hepatic (portal) triad?

Connection point between liver lobules where a venule, bile duct, and arteriole meet

What enzyme breaks down starch?

Amylase

Into reducing sugars like glucose

What is Lugols Iodine test?

Tests for starch, black color means positive, starch present, no breakdown occurred, negative means enzyme activity

What is Benedict’s test?

Tests for the presence of reducing sugars, positive means orange/red and enzyme worked, green/yellow means negative and enzyme did not break down starch

What enzyme digests proteins?

Pepsin

Into amino acids

What is Biruet reagent test?

Indicates peptide bonds that make proteins, positive means vivid purple and enzyme did not break down protiens, negative means blue and enzyme did work to break the peptide bonds

What enzyme breaks down fat?

Lipase

Into fatty acids

How does bile act on food stuff? (Fat)

As an emulsifier, lowers surface tension and physically breaks them into smaller droplets allowing the digestion easier

What does phenol red test do?

Tests for acidity, if fats are broken down → more fatty acids → more acidity. Red/orange means acidic means lipase broke down fat. Pink means not acidic means lipase didn’t break down fat

What is the role of acinar cells of the pancreas?

Makes hydrolitic enzymes (pancreatic juice) that helps to neutralize the acidity of the stomach in the small intestine