Psychology 301 Statistical Tests Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering statistical test types, SAS procedures, hypothesis testing, and APA reporting standards based on lecture notes.

One-Sample z-Test

A test used to compare the mean of a sample to a population mean when the population variance is known.

One-Sample t-Test

A test used to compare the mean of a sample to a population mean when the population variance must be estimated.

Independent Samples t-test

A test involving one independent variable with two levels, used for comparing two sample means.

Related Samples t-Test

A test involving one independent variable with two levels where the samples consist of the same or matched participants.

One-Way Between Subjects ANOVA

A statistical test for one independent variable with more than two levels, yielding an $F$ distribution.

One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA

A test for one independent variable with more than two levels where participants are exposed to all levels of the variable.

Two-Way ANOVA

A test used for two independent variables and one dependent variable, assessing main effects and interaction.

Correlation

A measure used to examine the degree of relationship between two variables, most commonly two continuous variables.

Linear Regression

A procedure where one continuous predictor variable is used to predict the value of a criterion variable.

Multiple Regression

A procedure where two or more continuous predictor variables are used to predict the value of a criterion variable.

Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit

A test used to compare expected versus observed frequencies for exactly one categorical variable.

Chi-Square Test for Independence

A test used to compare expected versus observed frequencies for two or more categorical variables.

Null Hypothesis

The assumption that there is no difference between the sample value(s) and the population value(s).

Alternative Hypothesis

The assumption that there is a difference between the sample value(s) and the population value(s).

Statistical Significance ($p < .05$)

The conclusion reached when the probability of observing a difference is less than $5\%$.

Retaining the Null Hypothesis

The decision made when the probability of observing the difference is greater than $5\%$, involving any $p$-value between $1.0$ and $.051$.

APA-Style Reporting Format

The standardized format for reporting results: type of test (degrees of freedom) = test statistic, p-value (effect size).

PROC TTEST

The SAS procedure used for performing One-Sample, Independent Samples, and Related Samples t-tests.

PROC ANOVA

A SAS procedure used to perform One-Way Between Subjects, One-Way Repeated Measures, and Two-Way ANOVA.

PROC CORR

The SAS procedure used for examining the degree of relationship between variables.

PROC REG

A SAS procedure used for linear or multiple regression to identify slopes and intercepts.

PROC FREQ

The SAS procedure used to perform Chi-Square tests for Goodness-of-Fit and Independence.

Tukey HSD

The post-hoc procedure commonly used after a significant One-Way Between Subjects ANOVA to make pairwise comparisons.

Bonferroni Procedure

A post-hoc procedure for One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA that involves performing multiple related samples t-tests with an adjusted alpha level.

Simple Main Effects Test

A procedure used to analyze significant interactions in a Two-Way ANOVA by splitting the data set on one independent variable.

Correlation Matrix

An output table where each cell presents the correlation, the $p$-value, and the sample size for pairs of variables.

Regression Intercept

The value indicated as 'b' in the regression equation $y' = ax + b$.

Regression Slope

The value indicated as 'a' in the regression equation $y' = ax + b$, representing the weight of the predictor.

Linear Regression Equation

The formula expressed as Criterion = slope(x) + intercept ($y' = ax + b$).

Multiple Regression Equation

The formula expressed as Criterion = slope(x1) + slope(x2) + intercept ($y' = ax_1 + ax_2 + b$).

Categorical Variable

A variable type used in Chi-Square tests to track frequencies rather than continuous measurements.

Continuous Variable

The type of variable most commonly used as predictors and criteria in regression and correlation analysis.

Pairwise Comparisons

The process performed by post-hoc tests like Tukey HSD to identify which specific levels of an independent variable differ from others.

Exact p-value Reporting

The APA requirement to report probability values to exactly 3 decimal places.

Effect Size

A value reported in APA style results, often indicated by $R^2$ in ANOVA output.

VAR Statement

A SAS command used to specify the dependent or continuous variables being analyzed in methods like PROC TTEST or PROC CORR.

CLASS Statement

A SAS command used to specify the independent variable in procedures like PROC TTEST and PROC ANOVA.

MODEL Statement

A SAS command in PROC ANOVA and PROC REG that defines the equation (e.g., $[DV] = [IV]$).

MEANS Statement

A SAS command used in PROC ANOVA to request group means and specify post-hoc tests like Tukey.

PAIRED Statement

A specific command used in PROC TTEST for Related Samples t-tests to link two levels of an independent variable.

REPEATED Statement

A SAS command used in One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA to name the created independent variable and specify its levels.

PROC SORT

A required procedure to organize a dataset by a specific independent variable before performing an analysis using a BY statement.

BY Statement

A SAS command that allows separate analyses to be performed for each level of a selected independent variable.

Main Effect

A hypothesis test in Two-Way ANOVA assessing the impact of a single independent variable on the dependent variable.

Interaction Effect

A hypothesis test in Two-Way ANOVA assessing if the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another.

$$R^2$$

A measure of effect size calculated by SAS for overall effects in ANOVA models.

Chi ($\chi$)

The Greek letter used to represent the test statistic in Chi-Square procedures.

Degrees of Freedom (df)

A numerical value reported in parentheses following the test type in APA-style results.

Predictor Variable

The continuous 'independent' variable in a regression analysis used to estimate a value.

Criterion Variable

The 'dependent' variable in a regression analysis, the value of which is being predicted.