KIN 223 - Exam 2 Master Study Guide Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards generated from KIN 223 Exam 2 study guide covering Chapters 5 (Histology), 6 (Integumentary System), 7 (Skeletal System), and 10 (Muscle Tissue).

Epithelial Tissue

A primary tissue type whose main job is to cover, line, protect, absorb, and secrete, characterized by tightly packed cells and minimal extracellular matrix.

Avascular

Lacking blood vessels; a condition of epithelial tissue where nutrients must be received by diffusion from blood vessels in underlying connective tissue.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A tissue consisting of one layer of flat cells designed for diffusion and filtration, typically found in lung alveoli and vessel linings.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A tissue made of one layer of cube-shaped cells that functions in absorption and secretion, found in kidney tubules and glands.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of tall cells, often containing goblet cells, that functions in absorption and secretion throughout the digestive tract.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of cells that appears multilayered, often possessing cilia and goblet cells to move mucus in the respiratory tract.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A tissue consisting of many layers with flat surface cells, designed for protection of the skin or moist surfaces.

Transitional Epithelium

A specialized epithelium that changes cell shape when stretched, found lining the urinary bladder and ureters.

Collagen Fibers

Strong connective tissue protein fibers that resist stretching and tension.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue consisting of parallel collagen fibers, found in tendons and ligaments.

Fibrocartilage

A very strong type of cartilage found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and menisci.

Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis containing stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.

Melanocytes

Cells located in the stratum basale that produce melanin to help protect against UV radiation.

Stratum Lucidum

An epidermal layer found exclusively in thick skin, particularly on the palms and soles.

Papillary Layer

The superficial layer of the dermis composed of loose connective tissue, dermal papillae, capillaries, and sensory receptors.

Reticular Layer

The deeper layer of the dermis made of dense irregular connective tissue providing strength and elasticity.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair and help prevent drying.

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Sweat glands that produce sweat directly onto the skin surface and are especially important for cooling.

Arrector Pili

Smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that contracts to cause goosebumps.

Osteoblast

A bone cell responsible for building and forming bone matrix.

Osteoclast

A bone cell responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone tissue.

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell that functions to maintain bone tissue.

Osteon

The basic structural unit of compact bone tissue.

Canaliculi

Tiny channels within compact bone that connect lacunae to one another.

Intramembranous Ossification

The bone formation process responsible for forming many flat bones, such as skull bones and parts of the clavicle.

Endochondral Ossification

The bone formation process where bone develops from a hyaline cartilage model, forming most bones including the femur, tibia, and humerus.

Epiphyseal Plate

A hyaline cartilage growth plate that allows long bones to increase in length.

Epimysium

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire whole muscle.

Perimysium

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle.

Endomysium

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber.

Sarcomere

The functional and contractile unit of skeletal muscle that extends from one Z disc to the next Z disc.

Neuromuscular Junction

The site where a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A specialized organelle within muscle fibers that stores and releases $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ ions.

Troponin

A regulatory muscle protein that binds $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ ions to trigger muscle contraction.

Tropomyosin

A regulatory muscle protein that blocks actin binding sites at rest and moves away when $\text{Ca}^{2+}$-troponin signaling occurs.