PCTX V Exam 3 Top Drugs Brand/Generic

Chlorhexidine

Peridex, Paaroex, Hibiclens, Periogard

Cell Wall inhibition/antibacterial

Amphotericin B Deoxycholate

Fungizone

IV only

ergosterol inhibition

Amphotericin Lipid Complex

Abelcet

IV Only

ergosterol inhibition

Liposomal Amphotericin B

Ambiosome

IV only

ergosterol inhibition

Capsofungin

Cancidas

IV only

inhibition of  -(1,3) glucan synthase of cell wall (Echinocandin Antifungal)

Clotrimazole/betamethasone

Lotrisone

inhibits ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting 14α-demethylase (imidazole antifungal)

Fluconazole

Diflucan

inhibits ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting 14α-demethylase (triazole antifungal)

Nystatin - Topical

Nyamyc, Nystop, Klayesta (powder), Mycostatin (cream/oint/powder)

Binds ergosterol and destabilizes fungal cell membrane (polyene antifungal)

Nystatin - Oral

Mycostatin (suspension, tab), nilstat (suspension), Nystex(suspension), Bio-statin(tablets)

Binds ergosterol and destabilizes fungal cell membrane (polyene antifungal)

Butenafine

Lotrimin Ultra, FT athletes food, Mentax

Inhibits ergosterol synthesis via squalene epoxidase (allylamine-benzylamine)

Clotrimazole

Lotrimin AF, Mycelex, Canesten, Desenex, Gyne-Lotrimin

inhibits biosynthesis of ergosterol (imidazole antifungal)

Micafungin

Mycamine

only IV

inhibition of  -(1,3) glucan synthase of cell wall (Echinocandin Antifungal)

Atazanavir

Reyataz

Protease Inhibitor (inhibits cleavage of viral Gag-Pol polyprotein precursors into individual functional proteins required for infectious HIV.)

Efavirenz

Sustiva

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (inhibits DNA polymerase HIV1 replication)

Emtricitabine/tenfovir

Truvada

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (Each drug interferes with HIV viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase resulting in inhibition of viral replication)

Maraviroc

Selzentry

CCR5 Antagonist (CCR5 antagonism prevents interaction between the human CCR5 coreceptor and the gp120 subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, thereby inhibiting gp120 conformational change required for CCR5-tropic HIV-1 fusion with the CD4 cell and subsequent cell entry)

Raltegravir

Isentress

Integrase Inhibitor (inhibits the catalytic activity of HIV-1 integrase, thus preventing integration of the viral DNA into the host strand)

Tacrolimus

Prograf, Astagraf XL, Envarsus XR

Calcineurin Inhibitor (binds to cyclophilin, which inhibits the antigenic response of helper T lymphocytes - decreases inflammation)

Mycophenolate

Cellcept (IV and PO), Myfortic, Myhibbin

Immunosuppresant (converted in vivo to its active metabolite mycophenolic acid. Mycophenolic acid is an antimetabolite that inhibits DNA purine nucleoside synthesis by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and thus inhibits lymphocyte proliferation)

Amoxicillin Clavulanate

Augmentin

B lactam Antibiotic (Amoxicillin is not effective against β-lactamase–producing bacteria. Clavulanate, a β-lactamase inhibitor, has weak antibacterial activity)

Amoxicillin

Amoxil, Moxatag

Beta lactam antibiotic (Semisynthetic penicillin derivative that inhibits the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall mucopeptide)

Cefazolin

Ancef, Kefzol

First Gen Cephalosporin (Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBP), leading to cell lysis)

no activity against MRSA/enterococcus/pseudomonas

Cefidinir

Onicef

3rd Gen Cephalosporin

activity against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including β-lactamase–producing strains

Cefepime

Maxipime

4th Gen Cephalosporin (inhibit PGP)

Typically active against gram-positive organisms, including MSSA, streptococci, and gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters including Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter.

No MRSA or enterococcus activity

Ceftriaxone

Ceftrisol

Rocephin (IM with lidocaine)

3rd Gen Cephalosporin (Typically active against gram-positive aerobes including streptococci, and Enterobacteriaceae coverage. No activity against Enterococcus)

Cefuroxime

Ceftin, Zinacef

2nd Gen Cephalosporin (whose activity is better than cefazolin but less than cefotaxime, against Haemophilus influenzae, including β-lactamase–producing strains. The activity of cefuroxime against Staphylococcus aureus is slightly less than that of cefazolin. Its activity against anaerobes is poor, similar to the 1st-generation cephalosporins)

Cephalexin

Keflex, Daxiba

First Gen Cephalosporin (Most gram-positive bacteria, including non–penicillinase- and penicillinase-producing staphylococci and streptococci. Activity against gram-negative bacteria is less than that observed with the 2nd- and 3rd-generation cephalosporins and is primarily restricted to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus mirabilis)

Penicilin

Pen G

block transpeptidase to inhibit cell wall synthesis leading to bacterial lysis

active against most gram-positive organisms and some gram-negative organisms, notably Neisseria spp.,

Piperacllin/Tazobactam

Zosyn

Piperacillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, causing cell lysis.

Tazobactam inhibits beta-lactamases

Typically active against gram-positive aerobes (including Enterococcus), gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenting bacteria, and anaerobes. Has no activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing or metallo-beta lactamase-producing bacteria

Amikacin

Amikin

Arikayce (inhalation)

Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit (aminoglycoside)

Clarithromycin

Biaxin

binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the 70S ribosome of susceptible organisms, thereby inhibiting bacterial RNA-dependent protein synthesis

Macrolide

Clindamycin - oral

Cleocin

It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit; it is bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the concentration, organism, and inoculums (Lincosamide)

7-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin derivative that is active against most gram-positive organisms except enterococci and C. difficile. Gram-negative aerobes are resistant, but most anaerobes are sensitive.

Clindamycin - topical

Cleocin T, Clindagel, Clindesse, Evoclin

It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit; it is bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the concentration, organism, and inoculums (Lincosamide)

7-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin derivative that is active against most gram-positive organisms except enterococci and C. difficile. Gram-negative aerobes are resistant, but most anaerobes are sensitive.

Dalbavancin

Dalvance, Xydalba

D-alanyl—D-alanine terminus in peptidoglycan inhibiting cell wall synthesis(Glycopeptide)

Active against gram-positive aerobes including methicillin-resistant S. aureus

Daptomycin

Cubicin, Cubicin RF

Binds to cell membrane causing depolarization which inhibits protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis. (Lipopeptide)

Active against gram-positive aerobes including methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus

Meropenem

Merrem

Binds to penicillin-binding proteins which inhibit synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, causing bacterial lysis (Carbapenem)

Typically active against MSSA, streptococci, anaerobes, enteric gram-negative rods, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and ESBL-producing gram-negative rods. Does not cover MRSA, S. maltophilia, E. faecium. Drug of choice for ESBL infections.

Vancomycin

Vancocin, Firvanq, Tyzavan

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to D-alanyl–D-alanine portion of cell wall

Glycopeptide

Bacitracin/neomycin/polymyxin

Neosporin

Bacitracin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by preventing transfer of mucopeptides into the growing cell wall.

Neomycin interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunits.

Polymyxin B binds to phospholipids, alters permeability, and damages the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane permitting leakage of intracellular constituents

Ciprofloxacin

Cipro, Ciloxan(opthalmic), Cetraxal, Otiprio(otic)

Fluoroquinolone - inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II and IV.). It is highly active against aerobic, gram-negative bacilli

Doxycycline

Vibramycin, Doxy 100, Lymepak, Mondoxyne NL, Oracea; TargaDOX, Acticlate, Avidoxy

Tetracycline - broad-spectrum bacteriostatic compound that inhibits protein synthesis at the 30S ribosomal subunit

Activity includes gram-positive, gram-negative, aerobic, and anaerobic bacteria, as well as spirochetes, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and some protozoa. Many bacteria have developed plasmid-mediated resistance

Gentamicin

Garamycin, Septopal, Cidomycin

Aminoglycoside - Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit

Levofloxacin

Levaquin

Fluroquinolone - inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II and IV.). It is active against aerobic, gram-negative, and gram-positive bacteria

Linezolid

Zyvox

Oxazolidinone - Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit

Minocycline

Minocin, emrosi, CoreMino, Minolira, Solodyn; Ximino

Tetracycline - inhibit protein synthesis at the 30S ribosomal subunit

Moxifloxacin

Avelox

Fluroquinolone - inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II and IV.)

Nitrofurantoin

Macrobid, Macrodantin

Synthetic nitrofuran that inactivates bacterial ribosomes and is bactericidal in urine at therapeutic doses

Ketoconacole - topical

Nizoral, Ketodan

Imidazole Antifungal - biosynthesis of ergosterol or other sterols, damaging the fungal cell wall membrane and altering its permeability

Muprocin

Bactroban, Centany AT

inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly and specifically binding to bacterial isoleucyl transfer-RNA synthetase. Because of this unique mode of action, it demonstrates no in vitro cross-resistance with other classes of antimicrobial agents

Terbinafine

Lamisil AT

allylamine antifungal that inhibits biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membrane. This results in fungal cell death primarily due to the increased membrane permeability

Tolnaftate

Tinactin, Fungi-Nail, Micomitin, Formula 7 the solution, tinaspore

Distorts the hyphae and stunts mycelial growth of cell walls in susceptible fungi

Clobetasol

Impoyz, Clobex, Tasoprol, Impeklo, Tovet

Topical CCS - are thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2-inhibitory proteins, lipocortins

Metronidazole

Flagyl, Likmez

Nitroimidazole Antibiotic - creates toxic radicals inside anaerobic cells, special protiens convert/reduce metro to active/unstable form

(In aerobic or human cells, oxygen stops this conversion from happening, which is why it leaves them unharmed

Miconazole

Desenex, Lotrimin AF

Oravig (oral)

Imidazole - Inhibits biosynthesis of ergosterol, damaging the fungal cell wall membrane

Docosanol

Abreva

topical antiviral - inhibits viruses that enter cells by fusion with the plasma membrane of the cell. It inhibits entry of the virus into the cell and fusion between the plasma membrane and the viral envelope. As the virion is not able to migrate into the nucleus of the cell, viral replication is blocked. Docosanol has no direct viricidal activity

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

Bactrim, Septra

Sulfonamide Antibiotic - inhibit DNA synth

1st -SMZ competitively inhibits the synthesis acting like PABA of dihydropteroic acid (an inactive folic acid precursor) in microorganisms.

2nd -TMP inhibits the enzymatic reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid

Azithromycin

Zithromax, Z-Pack

Macrolide

binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with microbial protein synthesis

macrolide antibiotic that is slightly less active than erythromycin against gram-positive bacteria but substantially more active against M. (B.), Haemophilus sp., Legionella sp., Neisseria sp., Bordetella sp., Mycoplasma sp., and C. trachomatis

Permethrin

Elimite (5% cream), Nix( 1% cream)

Antiparasitic Agent - Inhibits sodium ion influx through nerve cell membrane channels in parasites resulting in delayed repolarization and thus paralysis and death of the pest

Pyrethrin

Rid, Lice Killing Max Strength

Antiparasitic Agent - derived from flowers that belong to the chrysanthemum family and affect neuronal membranes of lice. The mechanism of action on the neuronal membranes of lice is similar to that of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Piperonyl butoxide decreases the metabolism of pyrethrins in arthropods

Fidaxomicin

Dificid

Macrolide - inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 23S rRNA component of the 50S ribosomal subunit

Acyclovir

Zovirax

Viral DNA Polymerase Inhibitor

Cellular enzymes then convert the monophosphate to the active antiviral acyclovir triphosphate, which competitively inhibits viral DNA synthesis by inactivation of viral DNA polymerase and incorporation into and termination of viral DNA replication. has potent activity against HSV I and II and HZV (VZV)

Valacyclovir

Valtrex

Viral DNA Polymerase Inhibitor

Cellular enzymes then convert the monophosphate to the active antiviral acyclovir triphosphate, which competitively inhibits viral DNA synthesis by inactivation of viral DNA polymerase and incorporation into and termination of viral DNA replication. has potent activity against HSV I and II and HZV (VZV)

Imiquimod

Zyclara, Aldara

Immune response modifier

Toll-like receptor 7 agonist that induces cytokines, including interferon-alpha and others

Oseltamivir

Tamiflu

Neuraminidase Inhibitor

inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, which prevents viral progeny detaching from the cellular envelope

Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir

Paxlovid

Protease Inhibitor

Nirmatrelvir is an inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro); inhibition of Mpro prevents processing of protein precursors, resulting in inhibition of viral replication

Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A-mediated metabolism of nirmatrelvir, resulting in increased nirmatrelvir plasma concentrations