Human Development Chapter 6 Terms

emotional regulation

the ability to monitor, evaluate, and manage the intensity, timing, and expression of emotional states to achieve goals and respond adaptively to social contexts

initiative versus guilt

the third phase in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, occurring in preschool children aged approximately 3 to 6 years old

intrinsic motivation

the internal drive to engage in an activity for its own inherent satisfaction, joy, and personal growth rather than for external rewards or punishments

extrinsic motivation

behavior driven by external rewards or consequences, such as money, grades, praise, or avoiding punishment, rather than the inherent enjoyment of the activity itself

rough-and-tumble play

a high-energy form of physical play where children engage in vigorous actions like wrestling, chasing, tumbling, and play fighting in a joyful, cooperative, and non-aggressive way

sociodramatic play

a cooperative form of pretend play where two or more children interact to take on roles, create imaginary scenarios, and follow shared rules

authoritarian parenting

a strict style of raising children defined by high demands for control and compliance combined with low emotional warmth and responsiveness

permissive parenting

a child-rearing style defined by high warmth and responsiveness combined with very low demands, discipline, and structure

authoritative parenting

a balanced child-rearing style defined by high warmth and responsiveness combined with firm limits and clear expectations

neglectful/uninvolved

parenting

low parental responsiveness and low parental demandingness, meaning caregivers provide minimal emotional support

corporal punishment

Corporal punishment in human development is defined as any disciplinary method where an adult uses physical force with the intention of causing a child a degree of pain or discomfort to correct or modify their behavior

psychological control

intrusive and emotionally manipulative parental behaviors that limit, invalidate, or coerce a child's or adolescent's thoughts, feelings, and sense of self

time-out

a behavior modification technique where a child is temporarily removed from an environment rich with social interaction, attention, and entertainment following an undesirable behavior

induction

a cellular process where one group of cells (the inducing tissue) directs the development and differentiation of another nearby group of cells (the responding tissue)

sex differences

the biological, anatomical, and physiological distinctions between males and females that emerge across the lifespan as a result of genetic, hormonal, and environmental interactions

gender differences

the psychological, social, and behavioral distinctions between males and females that emerge and change over time through a combination of biological maturation and cultural socialization

transgender

the lifelong process by which an individual realizes, understands, and expresses a gender identity that differs from the sex they were assigned at birth

gender binary

the social and psychological system that categorizes all people into one of two distinct, opposite, and fixed genders—male/man or female/woman—based on assigned biological sex

empathy

the gradual growth of a person's ability to understand, share, and respond to the emotions and perspectives of others

prosocial behavior

the gradual growth of voluntary actions intended to help, benefit, or care for other people and society

antipathy

the process by which a person develops a strong, deep-seated feeling of dislike, aversion, or hostility toward someone or something

instrumental aggression

a premeditated, goal-oriented behavior where a person uses aggression or harm as a calculated means to achieve a specific, external objective rather than out of blind anger

reactive aggression

an impulsive, defensive response to a perceived threat, frustration, or provocation

relational aggression

non-physical behavior intended to damage a person's social relationships, status, or inclusion within a group

bullying aggression

a repeated, aggressive behavior that happens when there is an imbalance of power between peers

harm reduction/injury

control

a public health approach that focuses on mitigating the negative consequences of risky behaviors or environmental hazards rather than trying to completely eliminate the behaviors themselves

primary prevention

a proactive approach that aims to stop negative conditions, injuries, or developmental delays before they ever occur

secondary prevention

a set of measures designed for early detection and prompt intervention to halt or slow the progress of a disease, injury, or adverse developmental condition

tertiary prevention

managing an established disease, disability, or developmental setback to minimize its long-term impact, prevent complications, and maximize a person's function and quality of life

child maltreatment

any act or failure to act by a parent, caregiver, or other person in a custodial role that results in abuse, actual or potential harm, or the threat of harm to a child's health, survival, development, or dignity.

reported maltreatment

any case of suspected child abuse or neglect formally reported to authorities for investigation, regardless of whether it is later confirmed.

substantiated

maltreatment

a reported case of child abuse or neglect that an investigation by child protective services or authorities confirmed to have occurred based on state law or official guidelines.

adverse childhood

experiences (ACEs)

potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (ages 0-17) and have a profound, long-term impact on physical health, mental well-being, and social development.

permanency planning

a systematic process in child welfare designed to secure a safe, stable, and permanent family for a child in foster care, minimizing their time in temporary out-of-home placement.

foster care

a temporary system in which a state or authorized child welfare agency places a minor child in a ward, group home, or private home of a certified caregiver when their biological parents are unable to provide safe, adequate care.

kinship care

the full-time care, nurturing, and protection of children by relatives, godparents, step-parents, or other adults with whom the child has an established, family-like relationship.