History 106 TAMU Dr. Stranges Exam 1

Movement toward a national economy and unification resulted from several factors (4) :

1. Economic

2. Industrial

3. Social

4. Agricultural

1. Economic

The passage of the National Banking Act of 1863 created a national currency.

2. Industrial

Industrial & Technological expansion

3. Social

The destruction of Indian Tribal Life led to white settlers occupying the middle United States.

4. Agricultural

- Domestic demand for food increased.

- Dependence on national & international markets.

Transition from :

- individuals to big corporations taking over.

The 2nd half of the 19th century was a period of :

- Gross materialism

- Exploitation of humans & natural resources.

National Banking Act of 1863

- eliminated multiple currencies.

- introduced a national currency.

- Gold & Silver remained in use for monetary exchange.

Many new inventions that contributed to uniting the country & establishing a national economy :

- Railroad

- Steel

- Aluminum

- Petroleum

- Communications

(telegraph & telephone)

-Electrical Industries

The dominant social & economic philosophies of that time were :

1. Social Darwinism

2. Laissez-Faire

Materialism & Indian-White Conflict

The desire for land, minerals, & wealth led to conflict between Whites & Indians (Cheyenne, Sioux, & Comanche).

Little Big Horn

(Montana, 1876)

- 2,500 Sioux under the command of Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse killed General George Custer and his troops.

What led to Indian-White Conflict?

- Government putting Indians on Reservations.

What led to the destruction of tribal life (2)?

1. Materialism

2. Indian-White Conflict

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 :

- voluntary removal of Indians from their reservations.

- offered each Indian head of household FREE land and citizenship if the family remained on the land for 25 years.

Why did the Dawes Severalty Act fail?

- it assumed that the Indians would adopt the White Man's lifestyle (farming), which they did NOT.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

- passed to fix Dawes Severalty Act.

- Put Indians back onto Reservations and encouraged them to resume tribal life & preserve their customs.

The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 :

Gave the Sioux 7.3 million acres known as the "Black Hills"

The discovery of gold in the "Black Hills" in 1874 :

- led to conflict.

- government abrogated the treaty in 1877 (due to Sioux's killing of Custer & his troops).

The US government agreed to pay the Sioux for the "Black Hills" area:

- the money ($863 million) sits untouched in a government account.

- the Sioux say the "Black Hills" are not for sale.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

gave citizenship to African Americans.

15th Amendment

African Americans right to vote.

Grandfather Clause

Exempted men from voting restorations if they had previously voted or had ancestors that voted prior to being granted suffrage.

Booker T. Washington

- principal of Tuskegee Institute.

- Atlanta Compromise

- stressed economic incentives & that African Americans learn useful trades, adopt a policy of self-help, & acquire self-respect.

W.E.B. Dubois

- more confrontational than Washington.

- political activity & acquiring right to vote.

- one of founders of NAACP.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

- "Separate but Equal"

- Segregation is allowed as long as the facilities are the same quality.

Success for African Americans :

1. 24th Amendment

2. The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Jim Crow Laws

- state legal codes of segregation

- poll tax

- literacy test

Black Codes

restrict rights of newly freed slaves in the South.

24th Amendment

banned a poll tax as a condition for voting.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

ended literacy tests for voter eligibility.

Problems with Hispanics/anglo conflict :

-Exploitation/Discrimination by Anglos

- Poor working conditions/jobs.

increasing Anglo settlement and fencing of communal lands pushed many Hispanic ranchers and farmers into other work.

Exploitation of the West :

- Gold Rush triggered expansion in population.

- Transcontinental Railroad encouraged development of the West.

Homestead Act of 1862 :

- encouraged settlement of the West.

- government offered each head of household 160 acres of federal land for a small registration fee of $10.

- homesteaders had to occupy land for 5 years.

Why was the Homestead Act unsuccessful?

It did not provide settlers with credit to purchase machinery or seed for farming.

Land Grants

railroad expansion by federal government to railroad companies to encourage Western Settlement.

Joseph Glidden

invented and patented a type of barbed wire in 1874.

John Gates

- one of the organizers for Texaco, began selling barbed wire in Texas.

Impact of Barbed Wire :

- revolutionized land values in Texas.

- led to establishing homesteads in the frontier plains area.

Population had expanded westward throughout the 19th century :

- so rapidly, and by 1890 the government considered the Frontier "closed".

Gilded Age :

- coined by Mark Twain

- described a time of great social blindness to corruption.

- increasing gap between rich & poor.

"dazzling on the surface, base metal below"

What was the big fear during the Technological Transformation?

- people like Carnegie & Rockefeller would dominate industry and leave nothing for everyone else.

Technological developments in Europe :

- Europe was industrializing at this time.

Who were the 2 industrial leaders in Europe?

1. England

2. Germany

In Asia, what was the only country undergoing industrial development?

-only Japan

- began to industrialize production of chemicals and electricity.

What country was challenging the British in most industries?

- Germany

Social Darwinism

individuals able to adapt to their environment will survive.

Laissez-Faire

Government should not interfere with the economy.

The Technological Transformation of the United States 1860-1900 :

- In the last half of the 19th century, a transition from agricultural to industrial.

- Agriculture did NOT disappear, it became a business called Agribusiness.

In 1860, the US was ______________.

By 1900, the US was ______________.

- primarily an Agricultural Nation.

- the world's Industrial Leader.

A number of factors contributed to the United States's Technological Transformation :

- money

- inventors came to US

- Civil War ended

- Transportation facilities

- Optimistic spirits

The Technological Developments of the Railroad Industry:

The development of the railroad industry was significant at this time.

Standard Track Width

- 4ft x 8 1/2 inch.

- width of 2 horses together.

What was the driving force behind the shift from Agricultural to Industrial?

Railroads

- helps manufacturing by transporting goods to markets.

Inventions for railroads :

- Flange

- Steam Engine

- Air Brakes

- Automatic Coupler

Who started the steam engine?

- England

Flange (Richard Reynolds) :

- A lip put on the inside of a cast iron track.

- kept the train's wheels on the track.

William Jessop (1789 England) :

- transferred the flange to the inside of the wheels of the engine and railroad cars where it remains today.

Richard Trevithick (1804) :

- introduced high-pressure steam.

- increased efficiency 17%.

T-Rail :

- Robert Stevens (1830)

- a safer method of bolting the wooden tie to the rail.

Airbrake :

- was the 1st effective & safe brake used on railroad cars.

Who invented the Airbrake?

- George Westinghouse in 1868.

Automatic Coupler :

- Eli Janney invented the automatic coupler in 1868.

- became standard on rail cars in 1888 by agreement of the railroads.

Federal Land Grants 1850-71

- the government gave 131 million acres to 80 railroad companies to construct railroads.

Compromise of 1877

- ended Reconstruction

- military removal from South

- Democratic appointee to Cabinet

- Hayes wins Presidency

History of Petroleum :

- found in Titusberg, Pennsylvania

- used initially in kerosene lamps (Ben Silliman)

- pipe driving method for extraction (Edwin Drake)

Grange/Granger Laws

- association of farmers to help each other.

- laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers.

Steel Inventions :

- steel made from coke to replace charcoal heating process.

What initiated the mass consumption of natural resources?

- mass production of steel.

Skyscrapers

- steel framework and elevators made this possible.

Pipe Driving Method :

- kept the petroleum flow line to the surface free from the cave-in of surrounding Earth.

- very important innovation.

What was the difference among wrought iron, cast iron, & steel?

- The amount of Carbon present.

Claude Louis Berthollet

- determined the differences in these metals.

- put science into the art of steelmaking.

Kelly and Bessemer

- created steel

- used air blown through molten iron

- heat was the breakthrough*

Kelly-Bessemer

both produced wrought iron because the reaction was too FAST to slow down.

- both were cases of accidental invention.

Regenerative Open-Hearth Furnace

- manufactured STEEL

- better than Kelly-Bessemer because the heat came from external source rather than internally.

Charles Marin Hall & Heroult

- Aluminum Industry

Joseph Henry

- Telegraph

Samuel Morse

- morse code, built telegraph.

Alexander Graham Bell

- telephone

Thomas Edison

- electric light bulb

- established Electrical Grid System *

What began with Edison?

- Phonograph

- Motion Picture

Nikola Tesla

- found AC current system

What was Edison's weakness?

- preference for DC rather than AC currents.

George Westinghouse is….

THE key businessman/engineer associated with promoting AC and the transformer system

Pupin

- made long distance telephone calls possible.

Vertical Integration

- Carnegie (Steel)

- One company does the job from raw materials to finished product.

Horizontal Integration

- Rockefeller

- One company does 1 or 2 of the steps

Ex:) Oil Refineries

JP Morgan

- came into money

- money lending

- US Steel Corporation

Andrew Carnegie

- telegraph operator first

- committed all of his profits to the new American Steel Industry & established Carnegie Steel in Pennsylvania (very successful).

John D. Rockefeller

- standard oil

- built oil refinery in Cleveland, linked by a railroad to the new oil regions in Pennsylvania.

Reaction to Industrialization :

( Public )

The main criticism of several well-known 19th century writers was government's & business's acceptance of Laissez-Faire & Social Darwinsim economics which brought they said brought out the worst abuses of Capitalism.

Reaction to Industrialization :

( Political )

- regulation to railroads------------------------------------Interstate Commerce Act

- immigration

- Urbanization

- Labor Unions

- Reformers

Henry George

- Progress and Poverty

- criticized the abuses of the rapidly increasing industrial society.

Edward Bellamy

- Looking Backward 2000-1887

- Utopian Socialist Author

"selfishness needs to be replaced with selflessness"

Gospel of Wealth

- preached by Darwinists

- concentration of wealth was necessary for the good of the community.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 :

- prohibited discriminatory rates, railroad pooling, rebates and drawbacks

- helping the corruption

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 :

- response to big businesses.

- any trusts in restraint of trade be illegal.

- never really enforced because of Laissez-Faire.

- WEAK

Clayton Antitrust Act

- corrected issues in Sherman Antitrust Act

- Strengthened laws against monopolies.

- labor no longer treated as a commodity.