Adults exam 4

anemias

anemia is a decreased number of what

RBCs

lifespan of RBCs

120 days

primary purpose of RBCs

transport oxygen to cells

Bone marrow uses Iron, B12, folate, B6, and protein to make __ in the body

RBCs

what five things does bone marrow need in order to make new RBCs

Iron

B12

B6

folate

protein

what two organs help to remove old RBCs

liver

spleen

most common symptom of anemia

fatigue

main symptom for megaloblastic / hemolytic anemia

jaundice

main symptom for iron deficiency anemia

tongue becomes smooth and red

main symptom of megaloblastic anemia

red sore tongue

is a pt with acute/chronic anemia more likely to be symptomatic

acute

a hemoglobin lab value determines what

oxygen being carried around

a hematocrit lab value determines what

percentage of RBCs in the plasma

a reticulocyte count lab value determines what

percentage of immature RBCs in the blood

a mean corpuscle volume lab value determines what

the average size of a RBC

name for the lab diagnostic that evaluates iron metabolism and storage in the body

iron studies

classification of anemia where the body isnt making enough RBCs

hypo-proliferative anemia

classification of anemia where there is a decreased number of RBCs due to surgery or trauma

blood loss anemia

classification of anemia where there is increased destruction of RBCs in the body

hemolytic anemia

iron deficiency anemia is classified as which type of anemia

hypo-proliferative anemia

anemia of chronic disease (aka normocytic anemia) is classified as which type of anemia

hypo-proliferative anemia

most common type of anemia

iron deficiency anemia

symptoms of iron deficiency anemia (3)

smooth red tongue

brittle ridged nails

cracks in the mouth/corner of the lips

smooth red tongue, brittle ridged nails, and cracks in the mouth are all symptoms of which type of anemia

iron deficiency anemia

how is iron deficiency anemia treated

high iron diet

iron supplements

what causes anemia of chronic disease (aka normocytic anemia)

chronic inflammation

chronic infection

malignancy

symptoms of a pt with anemia of chronic disease (2)

pt will have few symptoms

HGB rarely will be > 9

a pt with this type of anemia will have few symptoms, and will likely have a HGB below 9

anemia of chronic disease

how to treat anemia of chronic disease

treat the underlying disease

aplastic anemia is classified as which type of anemia

hypo-proliferative anemia

megaloblastic anemia is classified as which type of anemia

hypo-proliferative anemia

what happens in the body during aplastic anemia to cause a decrease in RBC production

damage to stem cells and bone marrow occurs

treatment for aplastic anemia (2)

stem cell transplant

immunosuppression

aplastic anemia is categorized as an __ disease

autoimmune (body is attacking itself)

secondary name for megaloblastic anemia

pernicious anemia

type of anemia where there are abnormally large RBCs due to a lack of B12 or folate in the body

megaloblastic anemia

megaloblastic anemia is caused by a lack of __ and __ in the body, which causes abnormally large RBCs

B12 and Folate

symptoms of megaloblastic anemia (3)

pancytopenia

abnormally shaped cells

confusion, weakness, N/T (d/t low B12)

two risk factors for megaloblastic anemia

pregnancy

ETOH abuse

megaloblastic anemia treatment (2)

folate/B12 replacement

diet changes

how is blood loss anemia treated (2)

treat underlying concern

transfuse PRBCs

PRBCs cause an increase of __ gram(s) of Hgb

1 gram

how long is PRBCs infused for

four hours max

nursing considerations for administering PRBCs (4)

Hint: what needs done before the infusion, what does it need infused with, what type of tubing does it need

T+C match

verified consent

Infused with NS

use of Y tubing

what is happening to RBCs in regard to hemolytic anemia

shortened lifespan

process of how hemolytic anemia can cause jaundice

1. decreased O2 (d/t decreased RBCs)

2. hypoxia occurs

3. erythropoietin is stimulated

4. premature RBCs are released

5. bilirubin increases

6. jaundice forms

name for premature RBCs

reticulocytes

sickle cell anemia is considered which type of anemia

hemolytic anemia

pts with sickle cell anemia have RBCs with a lifespan of __ days

4 to 10

symptoms of sickle cell anemia (4)

jaundice

tachycardia/murmurs/HF

pain

hypoxic damage

biggest complication related to sickle cell anemia

clots/CVA

what is happening when a pt is experiencing sickle cell crisis

pain becomes really severe during times of stress

what two types of transfusions may be given to a pt with sickle cell anemia

stem cell transfusion

blood transfusion

what chemo drug is given to pts with sickle cell anemia to slow down the reproduction of the sickle shaped cells and hopefully make healthy shaped RBCs

hydroxyurea

how to manage symptoms of sickle cell anemia (3)

hydration

oxygen

pain medications

complications of anemia (4)

heart failure

CP

N/T (paresthesia)

activity intolerance

most common hematologic condition in the elderly population

anemia

what to eat to have a high iron diet to tx anemia (3)

spinach

liver

red meats

Iron supplements (for tx of anemia) should be taken on an empty/full stomach

empty

iron supplements should be taken with Vitamin __

Vitamin C (Ie: OJ)

what should a pt avoid consuming with iron supplements

dairy

common side effect of iron supplements r/t anemia tx

GI distress

(dark stools)

definition of immunity

bodys specific protective response