The Body Questions

World view

the way a person understands and interprets the world. It is shaped by their beliefs, experiences, and culture. Worldviews influence how people think, behave, and understand art.

Classism

The belief that ancient Greek and Roman cultures represent the highest level of human achievement and should be considered the standard of excellence. This view treats their art, culture, and accomplishments as superior to those of other societies. It can be connected to white supremacy when used to promote European superiority and dismiss other cultures.

The Gaze

The relationship of looking in the dynamics of desire through trajectories of looking and being looked at, among objects and other people. Linked to fantasy, and power dynamics. Traditionally the view of a white straight male.

Orientalism

Orientalism refers to how Western cultures represent Middle Eastern and Asian cultures. These representations often patronizing and portray them as exotic, mysterious, or inferior. Such portrayals can reinforce stereotypes and Western cultural power.

Post Modernism

a movement that questioned traditional rules and beliefs about art, a response to modernism. It often uses irony, appropriation, and unconventional methods. These works were often symbolic and carried heavy meanings like loss of faith and optimism for the future. Also influenced by the Vietnam war.

Modernism

is an artistic and cultural movement that challenged traditional styles. It encouraged experimentation, abstraction, and new ways of thinking. It often reflected optimism about science, technology, and human progress.

First Wave of Feminism

The first wave focused on voting rights and legal equality for women. This goal for the wave was mainly geared towards white women.

Second Wave of Feminism

Financial equality, Making sure that men and women have equal pay

Third Wave of Feminism

Recognition of equal value - making sure that “women” hobbies and jobs were recognized as important and equal compared to mens

Fourth Wave of Feminism

Intersectionality - inclusivity for ALL women including women of different ethnicities and trans women

Michel Foucault

talked about the Gaze, The Institutional Gaze and how World views police people internally. Societal expectations and internalizations are products of the institutional gaze and power structures.

Bell Hooks

was a feminist author and cultural critic who studied race, gender, and class. She examined how these factors influence society, art, and media. She criticized media that reinforced racism or centered white audiences.

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

an eighteenth-century art historian. He studied ancient Greek and Roman art and compared their artistic styles. His writings helped establish art history as a field of study. He was the first to analyze ancient art through chronological periods and stylistic evolution (movements)

Gloria Steinem

an American feminist journalist and activist. She went undercover as a Playboy Bunny to investigate working conditions and expose inequalities. She helped found Ms. magazine and became a major leader of second-wave feminism

What did universal suffrage mean in the early 1800s in the United States?

voting rights in the United States were largely restricted to men, and women were excluded. Black Americans also faced severe legal barriers and discrimination that prevented many from voting.

American Civil War?

1861 to 1865

World War I?

1914 to 1918

World War II?

1939 to 1945

Who were the main Allied Powers in World War I?

Britain, France, and Russia were major Allied Powers early in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917, and Italy also fought on their side. They fought against the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

What date is associated with the Declaration of Independence?

July 4, 1776. On that date, the Continental Congress adopted the document declaring the American colonies independent from Britain. The date is now celebrated as Independence Day in the United States.

What was the My Lai Massacre?

It exposed a devastating U.S. Army war crime during the Vietnam War, severely eroded public trust in the military and government, and forced a profound national reckoning over military ethics and the morality of the war. Vietnam in 1968 during the Vietnam War. U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians. The massacre exposed wartime atrocities and intensified public opposition to the war.

When did photography begin?

1839. That year, Louis Daguerre's daguerreotype process was publicly announced. The process helped establish photography as a practical medium for recording images.

What did Sigmund Freud believe about the creation of art?

believed that art could express unconscious desires and conflicts. He described sublimation as redirecting impulses, including sexual desires, into socially acceptable activities. He viewed artistic creation as one possible outlet for these impulses

What did some male critics historically believe about women's ability to create great art?

Some male critics claimed that women could not produce art equal to men's work. They argued that domestic responsibilities, motherhood, and commitments to men limited women's artistic abilities. These beliefs reflected sexism and ignored women's unequal access to art education and professional opportunities.

What did Joan Didion call Wayne in relation to masculinity?

“a model for masculinity.” This appears to refer to John Wayne as a symbol of traditional American masculinity. Check your class materials for the exact wording and context of Didion's statement.

Why can AI algorithms reproduce racism and sexism?

learn patterns from data created by humans. If their training data contains stereotypes, discrimination, or unequal representation, they may reproduce those biases. Their outputs can reinforce existing social inequalities rather than eliminate them.

Black Arts Movement

1960s and 1970s. It promoted Black identity, cultural pride, political liberation, and artistic expression. Malcolm X's assassination in 1965 helped intensify the political climate surrounding the movement.

Juan de Pareja

painter who was enslaved by Spanish artist Diego Velázquez. Velázquez painted a famous portrait of him in 1650, and Pareja later became free. Pareja went on to develop his own career as an artist.

What magazine did Gloria Steinem help found?

Ms. magazine in 1972. The publication focused on feminism, women's rights, and gender equality. It became an important voice in the second-wave feminist movement.

What group did Thomas Jefferson associate Americans with culturally and ethically?

the Anglo-Saxons. This reflects a historical belief that connected American identity to English and northern European ancestry. The idea excluded or marginalized many other groups and reflected the racial and cultural prejudices of the period.

Which Baroque artist influenced Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí?

Diego Velázquez was a major Baroque painter who influenced later artists. His painting Las Meninas (1656) inspired artists to explore composition, perspective, and the relationship between viewers and images. Both Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí engaged with Velázquez's artistic legacy

Sarah Bond and other classical scholars accept as a given that ancient Rome was ethnically

what?

Diverse -

• Large Empire: The Roman Empire covered a huge area. It stretched from North Africa up to Scotland.

• Different Backgrounds: People within the empire had many different cultural and ethnic backgrounds.

• Art and Appearance: Ancient art shows people with a range of skin tones and appearances