cross cultural - week 2

GLOBE Model

model that identifies 9 cultural dimensions that influence leadership worldwide

institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, humane orientation, future orientation, performance orientation

institutional collectivism

degree to which institutional practices encourage collective distribution of resource and collective action

in-group collectivism

degree to which individuals’ express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organization

power distance

degree to which people expect power to be distributed evenly

uncertainty avoidance

extent to which people rely on norms, rules, and procedures to reduce the unpredictability of future events

gender egalitarianism

degree to which gender differences are minimized

assertiveness

degree to which people are assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in relationships w others

humane orientation

degree to which individuals are encouraged to be fair, generous, or caring

future orientation

delayed gratification, planning and investing in the future

performance orientation

degree to which people focus on performance improvement and excellence

cultural tightness-looseness

refers to the extent which cultures enforce norms and tolerate deviation from those norms

tight

— strict, low tolerance, high conformity (japan, china, korea)

loose

— relaxed norms, higher tolerance, wide range of behaviors

Trompenaars model

7 cultural dimensions that explain how different countries/people approach relationships, rules, time, and communication in a business context

universalism-particularism, individualism-collectivism, neutral v affective, specific v diffuse, achievement v ascription

universalism-particularism

what is right/good can be applied universally v right/good only in context

particularism means you adapt to the situation around you

individualism-collectivism

identity v group

neutral v affective

hold emotion v free expression

specific v diffuses

separate v combine (roles)

achievement v ascription

status and power v who your family is/ social class

cultural iceberg

surface culture

• norms, behaviors, artifacts

• visible and tangible norms (easy for outside cultures to earn about you)

deep culture

• cultural values and assumptions, usually not visual, often held subconsciously, rarely (if ever) questioned

• -harder for foreigners to grasp/understand