CMN 10V UC Davis test 1

Communication

A process through which you send messages to and receive messages from others

Transmit info

Technical media

Used to amplify communication

Theory

Predicts relationships of reality and how it happens

Model

Representation of theorized relationships, can be general or specific

Transmission model

Shannon and weaver (1949)

Linear process

Sender ---> message --channel--> receiver ---> effect

Laswell (1948)

Who ---> what ---> channel ---> whom ---> effect

Only effective if it reaches the end

Can have disruptions/noise at any step

David Berlo's SMCR model (1960)

Sender --encodes--> message ----> channel --decodes--> receiver

Transfer of message is unidirectional

Feedback loop

Added to berlo's model

Types of nonverbal communication

Signs, symbols, behavior

Interpretation

Depends on the decoding of the receiver of the message

Due to many factors such as culture, age, experiences

Polysemic

Multiple meanings

Theory of Encoding and Decoding

Consists of production, circulation, use, and reproduction

Production

Ideas encoded into message

based on sender's experiences/beliefs and the sender's perceptions of the receivers experiences/beliefs

Circulation

Message made available to receiver

Use

Attention, decoding, interpretation

Based on experiences, informed by assumptions about sender's experiences

Reproduction

Effects/consequences of use

Types of decoding

Dominant, negotiated, oppositional

Dominant decoding

Decode = encode

Agreement of sender and receiver

Negotiated decoding

Shares some of dominant, but unique to receiver

Oppositional decoding

Fundamentally different/opposing dominant

McAdams (1988)

Through personal relationships, we find our most profound experiences of security, anxiety, power and impotence, and unity and separateness

Proxmire (vs. Berschield & Walster)

1. Scientists could not understand love

2. Even if they could, no one wanted to hear it

Interpersonal relationships

Unique, irreplaceable, and requires understanding a partner's psychological makeup

Repeated interactions over time, influence one another, unique interactions

Role relationships

Impersonal, based on jobs and stereotypes of people involved

Some interdependence, not psychologically or behaviorally unique, replaceable

Miller (1976)

Communication and relationships are dependent on each other

Kelley (1956)

Rewards and reciprocity

Rewards

Positive outcomes of relationships

Reciprocity

Behavior leads to similar response in another

Close relationship

Enduring bonds, emotionally attached, personal need fulfillment, irreplaceability

Interdependence becomes more enduring and diverse

interpersonal communication

exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two people, regardless of their relationship

1. Impact each other

2. Inherently relational- behavior impacts relationship

3. Continuum - of impersonal and interpersonal

4. Messages due to choices mad

5. Inevitable and irreversible

relational communication

Subset of interpersonal communication Focused on expression and interpretation of messages in close relationships, includes vital to mundane

Relationship

Behavioral interdependence characterized by unique interaction patterns

Mutual influence

Influence each other in meaningful ways, social and emotional connection

Central interpersonal needs

Affection, inclusion, control

Affection

Through ability to love and be loved, occurs in dyads through communication

Social inclusion

Safety and survival

Without: loneliness and low self-esteem

Behavioral control

Control over one's life, shared control

Without: rebellion

Categorizing

Helps to understand, can overlap (Wilmot 1995)

Fuzziness Adan cause behavioral uncertainty

Research based on mainstream categories

Categorizing relationships

1. How voluntary relationship is

2. Degree of genetic relation

3. Sexual or platonic

4. Romantic level

5. Sex/gender

Voluntary relationship

Can choose friends

Voluntary uses communication to choose

Involuntary relationship

Can't choose family

Communication determines quality

Genetic relationships

Communication tends to be more affectionate

Aspects of nonverbal communication

Kinesics, vocalics, proxemics, haptics, appearance/adornment, artifacts/environmental cues, chronemic cues

Kinesics

Body and facial expressions that send messages about attitude towards other person, emotional state, desire to control environment

Vocalics

Silence, pronunciation, pitch, volume, tone, speech rate

Proxemics

Space, territory, and distance

Haptics

using touch to communicate nonverbally, powerful and notieable behavior during interpersonal encounters

Touch, affection, violent

Appearance/adornment

Height, weight, looks, smells

Artifacts/environmental cues

Mood setting, room arrangement

Chronemic cues

Cues related to how people perceive, use, or respond to time

cultures will also vary depending on their emphasis on the past/present/future

Channel

face-to-face, written, audiovisual, telephone, email, media

interpersonal communication goals

Reached by effective communication

Self-presentational communication

Image we convey

relational communication

How we communicate feelings about others

Activity-based, initiate/escalate/maintain, advice-base

Instrumental communication

Task-oriented, advising

Effectiveness

Shared meaning between sender and receiver of behavior

Attempted communication

Sent with intention

Not interpreted

unattended behavior

Sent without intention

Not interpreted

Not communication

Miscommunication

Sent with intention

Interpreted inaccurately

misinterpretation

Sent without intention

Interpreted inaccurately

successful communication

Sent with intention

Interpreted accurately

Accidental communication

Sent without intention

Interpreted accurately

Content vs. relational information

In every message

Symmetry

The dyadic nature of communication, can be nonverbal

Fundamental relationship themes

Can be dynamic, linear/nonlinear

1. Dominant/submissive

2. Intimacy level

3. Similarity

4. Task-oriented/social

5. Formality

6. Social composure

7. Emotional level

Relationship stages

Contact

(Can exit at any stage)

Contact

Perceptual to interactual, first impressions

Intimacy

Phase 1 - interpersonal commitment, increase quality and quantity of exchanges, social bonding, share networks, detail communication

Phase 2 - public

Involvement

Connected, testing, intensifying

Deterioration

Phase 1 - dissatisfaction

Phase 2 - deterioration

Dissolution

Separation, social/public separation, exit relationship

Repair

Intrapersonal and interpersonal change

Social penetration theory

A theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth

(Onion)

Early penetration

Self disclosure and vulnerability needs to be reciprocated

Late penetration

Slows down and is less important, leisurely reciprocated

Breadth

Range of topics

Depth

intimacy level

Depenetration

a gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal

Social exchange theory

Economic model of rewards and costs of entering relationships

Outcome

Rewards - Costs

comparison level

a realistic expectation of what one wants and thinks one deserves from a relationship

comparison level of alternatives

the best outcome available in other relationships; a standard for relational stability

Outcome > CL > CLalt

Happy, stay

CLalt < Outcome < CL

Unhappy, stay

CL < Outcome < CLalt

Happy, leave

CLalt > CL > Outcome

Unhappy, leave

Theory of relational dialectics

Baxter, Montgomery

Close relationships are like magnets

Tensions

1. Autonomy/connection

2. Open/closed

3. Novelty/predictability

Autonomy

Independence

Connection

Need to be associated/bonded

Open

Self-disclosure

Closed

Privacy

Novelty

Something new, due to lengthy relationships

Predictability

Security, repeated, boring

Language

system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another, transfer meaning

Semantics

The study of meaning and words

Syntax

Study of sentence structure

Language use

Inherently social, action, tool

Speech acts

Utterances with performative function, act has requirements/unique functions

Can be altered by sarcasm

Pragmatics

Meaning in context