CVA 1

What are the three sub phylum of the phylum chordata

Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata.

what are the five chordate characteristics

notochord, post anal tail, endostyle, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits.

What class are the jawless fish in

Agnatha

What is the hag fish called

Myxini

What is the class of cartilaginous fish

Chondrichthyes,

What subclasses is Chondrichthyes split into

Elasmobranchii, and Holocephali

What are included in Elasmobranchii

Sharks, rays, skates

Bony rayed fin fish (most diverse vertebrates)

Actinopterygii

bony lobed fin fish (Origen of arms)

Sarcopterygii

What are the terrestrial vertebrates called, (ex turtle)

Chelonia

What is the class of crocodiles and alligators

Crocodilia

What is the class of lizards, snakes and the tuatara

Reptiles

What is the class of birds

Aves, (feathers)

What is the class of all mammals

mammalia, mammory glands (hair)

What are the two terms for coldblooded

Poikilothermy, and ectothermy

What are the two terms for warm blooded

Homeothermy, and endothermy

What body form is tapered at both ends

Fusiform

What body form is the flattening of the body, like the mora mora fish

compressiform

what body form is a globular shape

Globiform

What body form is super thin from side to side like a ribbon or a tape worm?

Taemiform

What body form is flattened but more round like an eel

Anguilliform

What is endochdrol bone

starts as cartilage and gets replaced by bone, (long bones, vertebrae

what is dermal bone

calcification of the dermal layer, more plate like

When an animal is Homodont what does that mean?

All teeth are the same (generalized eaters) or very specific

When an animal is a heterodont what does that mean?

Specialized for certain functions, different teeth

What are some types of teeth

K9, premolars, molers, incisors,

what do the K9, premolars, molers, incisors, all do

Quicken digestion

when something is graviportal they are?

walking

cursorial

running

volant

non flapping flight, gliding

Aerial

flapping flight

Saltatorial

jumping (may save energy) and unpredictable motion

Aquatic

Fin propulsion

Fossorial

digging underground

Scansorial

tree climbing

arboreal

only living in the trees

What are homologous structures

Derive from same source

Analogous structures

Similar structures that are not related, fit similar niche

convergent evolution

unrelated species that converged, like hawks and falcons

Divergent evolution

related species that diverged, like falcons and parrots

What are plates of muscle in fish called

Myomeres

What separates myomeres

myocepta

what was a change in muscular from fish to terrestrial

Intrinsic muscle (within appendage)

birds or reptiles produce urea

Birds

birds or reptiles produce uric acid

reptiles

What is parthenogenesis

females produce viable eggs via mitosis - more common in reptile and amphibian world.

Does r represent growth rate or carrying capacity

growth rate

Does k represent growth rate or carrying capacity

carrying capacity

are “r” species prey or predators?

prey

What are some characteristics of k species

breed later in life, less often, and produce fewer offspring

What does Viparous mean?

egg laying

What does viviparous mean?

nutrients from mother (placenta)

What does Ovoviviparous mean?

nutrients from yolk, retained in mother

Why is the amniotic sac important?

crucial for terrestrial life, helps fight gravity, aqueous environment for terrestrial eggs to develop in

What is sympatric speciation?

organisms that share same place, can interact

What is allopatric speciation?

Separated by biological barrier, may be physical like in disjunct, or more subtle like in contiguous.

What is a primary isolating mechanism

A non biological barrier

example of primary Iso Mech

roads, mountains, et cetera,

What is a secondary Isolating mechanism

A biological barrier

example of secondary Iso Mech

Can not breed together, genetically encoded, can be premating like a bird song, or postmating like the embryo doesn't develop.

What is a species

Can interbreed and produce viable offspring

What is the theory of functional redundancy?

If A, B, and C are in an ecosystem and A dies, B can fill part of the lost role.

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

Two different species cannot occupy the same niche at the same time

what is a cline

change across geographical space

What is a morph

Two variations of same species

What is Bergman’s rule

Orgs in colder climates tend to be larger than orgs in warmer climates. (maximize SA and mass to better regulate and contain heat)

What is Allen’s Rule

Appendages tend to be larger in Surface Area in warmer environments

What Is Gloger’s rule

feathers tend to be darker in warmer environments

What is an adaptation

genetically preprogrammed, that effects an orgs ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.

what are Plesiomorphs

Basic characteristics

What is an Apomorph

new thing added

What is a symplesiomorph

basic characteristics shared by dependents

What is a synapomorphy

A retained apomorph

What us ab Anapomorphy

An apomorph that is not shared

What is homoplasy

Analogous characteristics, (convergent evolution)

what is a spore

Animal tracks

What is coprolite

poop fossilized

What is chemoautotrophism

gather energy by breaking bonds

What was the first multicellular organism

The sponge

How long ago was the Hadean

4.6-3.8 bya - was a ball of fire

How long ago was the Archean?

3.8-2.5 bya, 1st rocks, prokaryotes, dehydration synthesis

How long ago was the protozoic

2.5 billion to 542 million ya, eukaryotes, sexual reproduction

When did chordates pop up

500 mya

what are sunosilamates

injection and organs in same place

What are selamates

digestive track with membranes and separated

what happens when the intestine is anchored

can become larger, and more muscular

Do protostomes or dueterosomes spiral

Protosomes

Do protostomes or dueterosomes radial

dueterosomes

What subclass of chordata is Amphioxus in

Cephalochordata

What is special about amphioxus

shows all five CC as an adult

pattern inversion theory

If you flip an annalid you make a chordate

What is Paedomorphy?

retaining juvinile characteristics as an adult

which organism have a dorsal and ventral nerve cord

Ichinodermata