Important Reactions

Sodium reaction with water

2Na_(s)+2H₂O_(l)→2NaOH_(aq)+H_2(g)

Magnesium oxide reacting with water

MgO(s)+H₂O_(l)→Mg(OH)_2(aq)

Sulfite reacting with water

SO₃(g)+H₂O(l)→H₂SO₄(aq)

Chlorine reacting with water

Cl_2(g)+H₂O_(l) $\rightleftharpoons$ HOCl_(aq) + HCl_(aq)

Aluminium oxide with hydrogen

Al₂O_3(s)+6H_(aq)⁺ → 2Al³⁺_(aq)+3H₂O_(l)

Sodium Chlorine reaction

2Na_(s)+Cl_2(g)→2NaCl_(s)

Nitrogen dioxide with water

2NO_2(g)+H₂O_(l)→HNO_2(g) +HNO_3(aq)

Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

CaCO₃(s) → CO₂ (g) + CaO(s) 

Thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Thermal decomposition of metal oxides (copper)

2CuO(s) → 2Cu + O₂(g)

Ethanoic Acid and Sodium oxide

2C₂H₄O₂(aq) + Na2O(s) → 2NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O

HCl and Na2CO3

2HCl(aq) + Na₂CO₃(s) → NaCl(aq)+ H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

Acid metal reactions (Magnesium +hydrochloric acid)

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2H2(g)

Combustion reaction

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Synthesis reaction (oxidation of magnesium)

2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

Halide precipitation reactions (Silver Chlorine)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) (However F is insoluble)

Zinc and Copper Redox

Zn(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + Cu(s)

Sodium Oxide and water

Na₂O(s) + H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)

Magnesium Oxide and water

MgO(s) + H₂O(l) → Mg(OH)₂(aq)

Acidic Oxides (sulfite and water)

SO₃(g) + H₂O(l) → H₂SO₄(aq)

Sulfure dioxide with water

SO₂(aq)+H₂O(l)—>H₂SO₃(aq)

Calcium carbonate hydrochloric reaction

CaCO₃(s)+2HCl(aq)—>CaCl₂(aq)+CO₂(g)+H₂O(l)

Alkene Hydrogenation

Requires nickel catalyst, Ni, and heat

Alkene + Hydrogen → Alkane

Alkene Hydrohalogenation

Alkene + Hydrogen halide → Halogenoalkane

Alkene Hydration

Requires acid catalyst, H3PO4, and heat

Alkene + Water → Alcohol

Esterification (Condensation Reaction)

Requires acid catalyst, H2SO4, and heat

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid → Ester + water

Addition Polymerisation

Monomers have double bonds

nCH₂=CH₂ → –(CH₂–CH₂)–ₙ

Condensation Polymerisation

Monomers have two different functional groups or Two monomers with different functional groups (eg dioic acid)

nH₂N–(CH₂)₆–NH₂ + nHOOC–(CH₂)₄–COOH → Nylon + 2nH₂O(l)

Nucleophilic Substitution (Haloalkane → Alcohol)

Haloalkane + hydroxide ion → alcohol + halide ion

Halogenation of Alkanes (Free Radical)

Step 1: Initiation

Cl₂(g) → 2Cl•(g)

(UV light required)

Step 2: Propagation steps:

Cl•(g) + CH₄(g) → HCl(g) + CH₃•(g)

CH₃•(g) + Cl₂(g) → CH₃Cl(g) + Cl•(g)

Step 3: Termination

Cl•(g) + Cl•(g) → Cl₂(g)

CH₃•(g) + Cl•(g) → CH₃Cl(g)

CH₃•(g) + CH₃•(g) → C₂H₆(g)

Electrophilic substitution (Benzene)