CAS100A EXAM GRAVITY

3 Parts of a rhetorical situation

exigence, audience, constraints

The problem that invites a response, a reason for speaking

exigence

To whom the message is directed. Can be multiple audiences at once

audience

anything that can limit or constrain the speaker's message

constraints

Critical thinking skills checklist #1

Reluctance to accept assertions on faith

Critical thinking skills checklist #2

Able to recognize the difference between fact and opinion

Critical thinking skills checklist #3

Open to new ideas. Applies reason and common sense to new ideas.

Critical thinking skills checklist #4

seeks to uncover assumptions

Critical thinking skills checklist #5

able to relate new ideas to what they already know

Critical thinking skills checklist #6

able to put ideas into a broader context

Testing the strength of supporting material #1

personal experience

Testing the strength of supporting material #2

common knowledge

Testing the strength of supporting material #3

direct observation

Testing the strength of supporting material #4

examples

Testing the strength of supporting material #5

documents

Testing the strength of supporting material #6

statistics

Testing the strength of supporting material #7

testimony

The Five Canons of Rhetoric

invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery

discovery and selection of the material of your speech. Done by researching.

Invention

Arrange that material from invention into a logical order

Arrangement

Ornamentation of language. Language style you choose for or based on the audience. How you present arguments.

Style

Mastering the speech through practice

Memory

The actual presentation of the speech

Delivery

Different types of speech purposes

inform, persuade, motivate

Character of speaker perceived by audience

Ethos

Type of appeal ethos is making

Ethics/credibility

How to best achieve ethos in speech

well attired, prepared, credible sources, practiced

the speaker's evoking of appropriate emotion from the listeners

Pathos

Type of appeal pathos is making

emotional

language use, descriptions/narratives, structure of message, delivery of message

How to best achieve pathos in speech

The use of logic and reasoning by a speaker to an audience.

Logos

Type of appeal logos is making

Logic

Facts, statistics and data, credible sources, warrant

How to best achieve logos in speech

informative tools

definition, organization, demonstration

Organizational patterns

chronological, spatial, causal, problem-solution, topical

Delivery aspects

volume, pitch, gestures, eye contact, articulation

Types of examples

factual, hypothetical, brief, extended

3 parts of policy speech

need, plan, practicality

Behaviors that are performed more or less unconsciously and involuntarily to express present emotional experience.

Signs

Behaviors performed more or less consciously and voluntarily to represent experiences that may or may not be present at the current time. Purposeful choices in the message related to one's framework of beliefs values, etc.

Symbols

One who is responsible for creating or generating the communication

Sender

The mental process of selecting symbolic behaviors that will represent a sender's cognitive meanings in a form that can be perceived and understood by the intended party.

Encoding

A structured or coherent collection of sign and symbol behaviors that portray a sender's meanings in a form that can create similar meanings within by the intended party.

Message

A form of energy that transmits images of a sender's behavior to the senses of the intended party.

Channel or Medium

One whose task it is to interpret a message.

Receiver

The mental process of selecting from within oneself meanings that can be attached to the behaviors in a sender's message.

Decode

Any message that is generating in part as a response to an earlier message.

Feedback

All the factors of time, location, occasion, and setting that affect a communication event.

Context

Main purpose of commemorative speech

Values

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

Metaphor

A comparison of two unlike things using like or as

Simile

Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis

Repetition

similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses

Parallelism

the direct opposite, a sharp contrast

Antithesis

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

Alliteration

3 parts of Toulmin Model

Claim, Data, Warrant

Reagan's challenger speech met a

rhetorical situation

The main appeals used in Reagan's challenger speech

Ethos and Pathos

what happened in this situation happened in another

reasoning by analogy

THIS reasons THAT

reasoning by sign

one thing is caused by another

causal reasoning

Aspects of audience analysis

demographics, culture, size

different modes of presentation

manuscript, impromptu, reciting from memory and extemporaneous

All the same in a group

homogenous

variety/diversity in audience

heterogeneity

types of connectives

transitions, internal previews, internal summary, signposts

In your deliberative/ persuasive speech (policy speech), your main tools for getting the audience to accept the conviction that your solutions are best are

explanation and arguments

This is a fact, general principle or generally held belief that links evidence to the claim

warrant

Joan Smith is a Republican (data). Most Republicans favor cutting domestic spending (warrant). THEREFORE, Joan Smith probably favors cuts in domestic spending (claim). This is an example of which type of reasoning

classification

Questioning how correct common knowledge is, being sure your memory is reliable in your personal experience and whether or not the documents can be trusted are examples of testing the strength of what?

Supporting material

"The economy's leading indicators are down. Falling economic indicators are a sign of a coming recession. Therefore, the economy is headed for a recession." The phrase "the economy's leading indicators are down," is which part of this argument?

data

reasoning based on generalizations

classification reasoning

includes age, sex, ethnicity

demographics

Strategy to clarify a term or concept that is troublesome. Clearly defining terms or concepts we are NOT familiar with, a problem, terms or parts of the problem. Provides new info/perspective

informative tools

think about WHAT happened, WHY it happened, WHERE, WHEN, to WHOM (INFORMATIVE TOOLS)

description/reporting

Giving a DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE EVENTS. Event/process/object give context, background, break it down (INFORMATIVE TOOLS)

explanation

A process, not by DOING but DESCRIBING (INFORMATIVE TOOLS)

illustration

A process described AS YOU DO IT (INFORMATIVE TOOLS)

Demonstration

Provides contrast/clarity between items. Comparing something we don't know to something we do know. Compare to show worth of one part- good to bad (INFORMATIVE TOOLS)

comparison/analogy

narrates sequence of events by time

chronological order

done directionally, east, west/low high etc. Regions.

spatial order

what is it, where, who is effected, top 2 or 3 causes.

causal order

identifying problem and presenting a solution

problem-solution order

take a major topic and break it down into subtopics

topical order

first thing taken away in speech

primacy

last thing taken away in speech

recency

words and phrases that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another

transition

just like the preview statement in the introduction, except that it is in the body of the speech

internal preview

reverse of internal previews, remind listeners of what they just heard.

internal summary

short statement that tells the audience where the speaker is in the speech.

signpost

particular view held by expert will be honest and sound

arguing by authority

The act of pronouncing words

enunciation

the relative highness or lowness of a tone

pitch

perceived loudness of the speaker

volume

the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech

articulation

when a speaker reads a pre-written speech word by word to an audience.

manuscript

a speech that a person delivers without predetermination or preparation

impromptu

a speech that has been memorized and is delivered from memory

reciting from memory

A speech delivered with help from notes but uses his/her own words as they go along

extemporaneous

Latin for "does not follow"; where the claim is not logically linked to the supporting material

non sequitur